The Year that Changed the World (38 page)

construction of,
16
–17,
66
,
68

death strip,
16
–18

described,
17
–18

fall of (1989),
5
–9,
65
–76,
88
–94,
165
–173,
203
–204,
221
–223

impact on citizens,
16
–19,
24
–26
9
–14,
16
,
27
,
215
–216,
222

refugees from East Germany and,
8
–9,
16
–17,
24
,
27
,
66
,
97
–105,
113
–126,
133
–135,
142
–143,
159
–161

remnants remaining,
16

September
11
, 1989 border opening,
113
–126

symbolism behind,
1
,
3
,
5
–9,
15
–16,
89
,
171
.
See also
Iron Curtain

Berlin Wall, The
(Taylor),
223

Bernstein, Leonard,
204

Beschloss, Michael R.,
222

Beyond the Wall
(Pond),
227
,
234

Bill of Rights, U.S.,
30

Bismarck Strasse (Berlin),
15

Black Friday (Czech).
See
Velvet Revolution (Prague; 1989)

Bloc That Failed, The
(Gati),
39
,
224

BMW,
72
,
161
,
228
–229

Bogomolov, Oleg,
63

Bölling, Klaus,
121

Bolshevik Revolution (1917),
65
–66,
85

Bond, James,
21

Bonfire of the Vanities
(Wolfe),
53

border guards

at the Berlin Wall,
3
,
5
–10,
15
–17,
27
,
97
–105

fall of Berlin Wall and,
5
–10,
97
–104,
168
–170

Boyd, Gerald M.,
222

Brain race,
21

Brandenburg Gate, Berlin Wall,
3
,
15
,
170
,
204

Brazil,
217

Breslau, Karen,
167

Bretton Woods Agreement,
21

Brezhnev, Leonid,
39
,
45
,
71
,
91
,
225
–226

Brezhnev Doctrine,
39
,
45
,
63
,
91
,
227

Brian Lapping Associates,
228

Brokaw, Tom,
9
,
183

Brookings Institution, Nuclear Audit,
22
–23,
223
–224

Bucharest,
105
–111

Ceaucescu's home,
198
–200

Ceaucescu's palace,
107
,
198
–199

fall of communism and,
193
–201

Warsaw Pact summit (1989),
91
–95
See also
Romania

Buckley, William F., Jr.,
223

Budapest

fall of communism in Hungary,
28
,
29
–39,
41
–42,
46
,
61
,
66
–74,
125
,
128
,
137
,
139
–140,
143
–145

People's Picnic (1989),
66
–67

reburial of Imre Nagy,
84
–88
See also
Hungary

Bulgaria, fall of communism in,
190
–191

Bulletin of Atomic Scientists,
227

Bush, George H. W.

election to presidency,
39
–40,
60
,
227

fall of Berlin Wall and,
9
,
175
,
211
–212,
222
,
235
–236,
237

foreign policy of,
213
–215,
224
–225,
227
,
231
,
232

Hungary and,
95
,
232

legacy of,
211
–214

library and museum,
211
–212

nuclear deterrence and,
74
–77

Poland and,
83
,
94
–95,
232

refugees from GDR and,
125
–126

U.S.-Soviet relations and,
60
–63

visits Eastern Europe,
94
–95

Bush, George W.,
212
–220

admiration for Reagan,
1
–2,
215
–216,
221
–222,
238

on communism,
2
,
5

foreign policy team,
13

Café Papillon (East Berlin restaurant),
25
–26,
119

Cambodian genocide,
23

Cannon, Carl M.,
221
–222

Cannon, Lou,
221
–222

capitalism

crash of 2008 and,
218

GDR and,
121

in Hungary,
31
,
33

in Poland,
37

Carré, John le,
21

Carroll, Lewis,
209
,
211

Carter, Jimmy,
3
,
211
,
214

Catholic Church,
68
,
131

Ceaucescu, Elena,
192
–201

Ceaucescu, Nicolae,
105
–111,
191
–201

background of,
105
–106

death of,
110
,
192
–193,
232
–233,
236

described,
109
–110

home in Bucharest,
198
–200

palace in Bucharest,
107
,
198
–199

totalitarian state of,
25

uprising against,
110
,
170
,
174
,
192
–201,
203
,
236

at Warsaw Pact summit (Bucharest; 1989),
92
–93,
231

censorship,
139

Chaplin, Charlie,
109

Charles University (Prague),
178
,
180

Charter
77
,
143
,
233

Checkpoint Charlie (Berlin),
5
–6,
9
,
10
,
16
,
24
–25,
88
–89,
167
–170,
175
,
204
,
223
,
235

Cheney, Dick

end of Cold War and,
95

U.S.-Soviet relations and,
60
–63,
75
,
227
,
237

Chernobyl disaster (1986),
12
,
222
–223

Chernyaev, Anatoly,
233
–234

China

Cultural Revolution,
23

economic growth of,
217
,
218

Tiananmen Square uprising,
83
,
90
,
99
,
123
,
154
–155,
157
,
176
,
182

Christian Democratic Union Party,
125
–126

Churchill, Winston,
1
,
5
,
22
,
229

CIA National Intelligence Estimate,
62
,
71

Circle of Independent Intelligentsia (Czechoslovakia),
178
–179

Civic Forum (Czechoslovakia),
178
–179,
183
–185,
189
,
233

CKD steelworks,
185

Clancy, Tom,
21
,
89

Clark, Stephen,
228

Clash of Civilizations, The
(Huntington),
215
,
236
–237

Clinton, Bill,
133
,
214
,
215

Cold War

accounting of,
22
–23,
223
–224

Brandenburg Gate as embodiment of,
3

breaking free of mind-set,
76
–79,
83
,
94
–96

G. W. H. Bush and,
213
,
214

dimensions and consequences of,
20
–23,
218
–219

end of,
4
–5,
7
,
9
–14,
31
,
36
,
61
,
65
–66,
70
,
75
–79,
213

fall of Berlin Wall and,
5
–9,
54
,
89

impact of,
20
–23,
65

perceived victors of,
204

Reagan's Berlin Wall speech (1987) and,
2
–5,
9
–14,
16
,
27
,
215
–216

symbolism of Berlin Wall and,
1
,
3
,
5
–9,
15
–16,
89
,
171

Cold War, The
(Lightbody),
222

Cold War History Project,
223
,
226
,
230

Cold War International History Project,
225

Cold War Project, The
(CNN series),
228

COMECON,
229

Comintern,
21

Committee for Historical Justice (Hungary),
85
,
230
–231

Common Fate Camp,
97
–98

Common Market,
21
,
93

communism

anticommunists and,
29
–31

Berlin Wall and.
See
Berlin Wall

G. W. Bush on,
2
,
5

fall of, in Bulgaria,
190
–191

fall of, in Czechoslovakia,
28
,
114
,
128
,
135
–143,
175
–190,
205
–206

fall of, in GDR,
163
–174,
203
–205

fall of, in Hungary,
28
,
29
–39,
41
–42,
46
,
61
,
66
–74,
125
,
128
,
137
,
139
–140,
143
–145,
206
–207,
228
–231,
236

fall of, in Poland,
28
,
35
–36,
43
–54,
125
,
128
–133,
137
,
139
–140,
205

fall of, in Romania,
105
–111,
193
–201

fall of, throughout Eastern Europe,
41
–42,
48
,
54
,
62
,
173
–174,
204

oppression in,
36

Reagan and,
13

as term,
224
See also
Politburo

Constantinescu, Emil,
201

consumer goods,
171
–172,
177
,
198
–199

containment policy,
5
,
61

Cooper, Gary,
79

Cornea, Doina,
197
–198

counterculture,
21

Cousteau, Jacques,
95

crash of 2008,
218

cult of personality,
110

Cuthbertson, Ian,
228

Czechoslovakia

denouement,
205
–206

fall of Berlin Wall and,
8

fall of communism in,
28
,
114
,
128
,
135
–143,
175
–190,
205
–206,
233

Prague Spring (1968),
39
,
45

refugees from GDR and,
122
–123,
135
,
141
,
148
,
152
–153

reopening of border with GDR,
158
–159

as totalitarian state,
135
–143

Velvet Revolution (Prague; 1989),
170
,
173
,
175
–190,
236

Warsaw Pact invasion of (1968),
105
–106,
205
See also
Prague

Dalai Lama,
135
,
206

Danner, Mark,
237

Davis, John,
231

DDR Museum (Berlin),
224

death strip (Berlin Wall),
16
–18

democracy

in Czechoslovakia,
185
,
186
,
206

in Eastern Europe,
99

in Hungary,
29
–32,
41
,
55
–58,
110
,
230
–231

in Poland,
58
–61,
79
–84,
94
,
110
,
128
–133,
225
–226,
229
–230

Reagan and,
3

U.S.,
29
,
30
,
41

Democratic Forum,
97
–99,
99

détente,
5
,
61

Deutsche Bank,
73

Diensthier, Jiri,
233

Diepgen, Eberhard,
13

Dietrich, Marlene,
4

Dinescu, Mircea,
197
–198

Dissolution
(Maier),
163
–164,
230
–231,
232
,
234
,
235

Dresden

bank runs in,
165

Freedom Train and,
124
,
152
–153,
154

refugees from GDR and,
117
,
124
,
135
,
152
–153,
160