The Yanks Are Coming! (45 page)

8
.
      
Clifford Kinvig,
Churchill's Crusade: The British Invasion of Russia, 1918–1920
(London: Hambledon Continuum, 2006), 57.

9
.
      
Quoted in ibid.

10
.
    
Quoted in Byron Farwell,
Over There: The United States in the Great War, 1917–1918
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 276.

11
.
    
The casualty rate—stemming from everything from influenza to Bolshevik bullets—is as estimated by E. M. Halliday in
When Hell Froze Over
(New York: ibooks/Simon & Schuster, 2000), 21.

12
.
    
Quoted in Ilya Somin,
Stillborn Crusade: The Tragic Failure of Western Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1918–1920
(New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1996), 46.

CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE: THE VICTORS AT VERSAILLES

1
.
      
Secretary of State Robert Lansing was one who recognized the dangers of “self-determination,” noting in his diary, “It will raise hopes which can never be realized. It will, I fear, cost thousands of lives. In the end it is bound to be discredited, to be called the dream of an idealist who failed to realize the danger until it was too late to check those who attempt to put the principle into force. What a calamity that the phrase was ever uttered! What misery it will cause! Think of the feelings of the author when he counts the dead who died because he coined a phrase!” Quoted in Karl E. Meyer,
The Dust of Empire: The Race for Mastery of the Asia Heartland
(New York: Public Affairs, 2004), 5. Wilson himself later conceded that “When I gave utterance to those words, I said them without the knowledge that nationalities existed, which are coming to us day after day.” Quoted in Margaret MacMillan,
Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World
(New York: Random House, 2002), 12.

2
.
      
All quotes from President Woodrow Wilson's speech to a joint session of Congress, 8 January 1918.

3
.
      
In 2004 he was beatified by the Catholic Church for his holy life, including his attempt to negotiate an end to the Great War.

4
.
      
One exception to this was Wilson's sympathy for non-czarist Russia, whose constituent nations, save for the Poles, he was inclined to sweep back under the Russian rug, if for no other reason than that he had not known that they existed.

5
.
      
Theodore Roosevelt helpfully reminded Georges Clemenceau and British foreign secretary Arthur Balfour that in a parliamentary system, like their own, Wilson would no longer be leading the government.

6
.
      
Quoted in H. W. Brands,
Woodrow Wilson
(New York: Times Books, 2003), 108. Wilson used this kind of language repeatedly against opponents of the League. A variation of the Whig version of history, it was and is a favorite liberal trope against conservatives.

7
.
      
Quoted in Alexander L. George and Juliette L. George,
Woodrow Wilson and Colonel House: A Personality Study
(Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1964), 230.

8
.
      
Quoted in MacMillan,
Paris 1919
, 94.

9
.
      
Quoted in Brands,
Woodrow Wilson
, 108.

10
.
    
Quoted in MacMillan,
Paris 1919
, 94.

11
.
    
Winston S. Churchill,
The Second World War
, vol. 1,
The Gathering Storm
(New York: Mariner Books, 1986), 22.

12
.
    
Germany made its final World War I reparations payment in 2010.

13
.
    
Quoted in Keith Jeffery,
Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: A Political Soldier
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 238. General, soon to be Field Marshal, Sir Henry Wilson had helped Lloyd George and his staff “war game” the memorandum by acting out the negotiating positions of France (as an aggrieved woman, a crucial part, he argued, of French public opinion) and Germany (in the more suitable role, perhaps, of a military officer).

14
.
    
Quoted in MacMillan,
Paris 1919
, 197.

15
.
    
More than 90 percent of the Saarlanders voting in the plebiscite voted for reunion with Germany, which was achieved in 1935.

16
.
    
Adolf Hitler, elevated to chancellor after Germany's 1933 elections, repudiated the debt, but it was taken on by the West German government after the Second World War.

17
.
    
Sheldon Anderson,
Condemned to Repeat It: “Lessons of History” and the Making of U.S. Cold War Containment Policy
(New York: Lexington Books, 2008), 41.

18
.
    
Quoted in ibid., 41.

19
.
    
Quoted in A. Scott Berg,
Wilson
(New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 2013), 602.

20
.
    
Quoted in ibid., 607.

21
.
    
Quoted in ibid., 699.

EPILOGUE

1
.
      
Walter C. Langer,
The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report
(New York: Basic Books, 1972), 135.

2
.
      
Quoted in ibid., 37.

3
.
      
Quoted in Henry Steele Commager,
The Story of the Second World War
(Sterling, VA: Potomac Books, 2004), 50.

4
.
      
Quoted in ibid., 51.

5
.
      
Quoted in Ian Kershaw,
Hitler
, vol. 2,
1936–1945, Nemesis
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2001), 299.

6
.
      
Winston S. Churchill,
The Second World War
, vol. 1,
The Gathering Storm
(New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1948), xiv.

7
.
      
Quoted in James Langland, ed.,
The Chicago Daily News Almanac and Year-Book for 1918
(Chicago: The Chicago Daily News Company, 1917), 527.

8
.
      
Similar dedications had taken place in Britain, at Westminster Abbey, and in France, at the Arc de Triomphe, in 1920, to commemorate the sacrifice of soldiers known only unto God.

9
.
      
The inscription was added ten years later.

10
.
    
David Fromkin used this phrase to title his book
In the Time of the Americans: The Generation That Changed America's Role in the World
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995). See his wonderful postscript on pages 551–52.

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