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Acknowledgements

The anarchist Utopia of selfless cooperation may not have come much closer in the last hundred years, but throughout the years of this book’s preparation I have been fortunate enough to experience something like it in microcosm: any shortfall in the area of Mutual Aid is my own.

In France, the archivists at the Prefecture of Police under M. Gicquel, including Oliver Accarie-Pierson, Jean-Daniel Girard, Bernard Goupy and Mélik Benmiloud were invariably helpful on my repeated visits, as were Catherine Mérot and her colleagues at the Archives Nationales; Rossana Vaccaro at the Bibliothèque Jean Maitron, Université de Paris 1 deserves particular gratitude for visits to the stacks during closed hours, when the rest of Paris was on strike. In Amsterdam, I enjoyed the attentive care of Ella Molenaar at the International Institute of Social History, while Pierre-Alain Tailler at the Archives Générales du Royaume in Brussels was kind enough to direct me towards his exceptional assistant Felip Strubbe, whose committed burrowing generated some remarkable late revelations. The magisterial guidance of Zinaida Peregudova at the State Archive of the Russian Federation in Moscow was greatly appreciated, even on those occasions when eagerly awaited files proved empty.

In America, Ronald M. Bulatoff at the Hoover Institute at Stanford University elucidated the complexities of the Okhrana Archive, while the library staff at the universities of Kansas and Rutgers expedited my microfilm investigations. In Great Britain, Janet Allen at Senate House Library of the University of London and Katya Rogatchevskaia at the British Library have been of particular help, while a Carlyle bursary from the London Library has enabled me to continue to use its remarkable resources; the staff of all three institutions, and those of the Bodleian Library, the National Archives in Kew, the University of Birmingham library and the Sheffield City Archives have all been patient with my enquiries. I have appreciated too the courtesy shown by Nigel Shankster in the archives of the Metropolitan Police, despite our differences of opinion.

In this regard, the Freedom of Information case that I initiated to gain access to the Special Branch ledgers from the 1890s has, over its prolonged course, evinced much generous legal advice: from Julia Apostle and Martin Soames at DLA Piper, John Ashton of the FOI Ltd Consultancy and Vanessa Milton at Random House. At the Information Commission, overwhelmed with applications, I have found Jo Pedder, Adam Sowerbutt, Antonia Swann and Caroline Howes to be consistently professional, prompt and scrupulous in their work on the case: the contrast with my experience of the Information Tribunal has been striking.

Among the many individuals who have shared with me their specialist knowledge and advice are Regula Boschler, Dr Lindsey Clutterbuck, Michel Cordillot of Université de Paris 8, Frank Engehausen of the Historisches Seminar at Heidelberg University, Aleksandr Ivanovich Kokurin, Dr Julia Mannheim and Adhaf Soueif; the doctoral theses of Dr Bob Henderson and Dr Pietro Dipaolo revealed some fascinating insights. Many friends too have helped in their various ways: Sarah Adams, Roland Chambers, Scott Goodfellow, Saira Shah and Pedro Ferreira with introductions, Jerry Brotton with references, Benjamin Carter with copying, Rachel Holmes with tussles over Tussy, Chris Morgan Jones with cocktails, Melissa Morandi with the geography of a fighting retreat, Tom Reiss with an untraceable book, Vijay Sharma with a prod in the right direction and John Wyver with a pointer to the right
mairie
. Colleagues among the governors at the Margaret McMillan Children’s Centre have provided a living example of the journey to Utopia. The sustained interest of Simon Ardizzone, Andy Beckett, Gail Eisenstadt, David Gale, Sara Holloway, Spencer Hyman, Deborah Levy and Stanislav Sermedjev has been a comfort, as has that of Ed Davey, whose database-building skills have been invaluable. Dominique Shafer’s late secretarial contribution was a godsend.

Sylvie Audoly, Brian Heller, Lisa Gallagher, Susanne Lea, Antoine Audouard, Anne-Marie Stott, Thomas Guillot and Galina Vinogradova have all provided the warmest of hospitality on my travels, while Constantin Tublin and Natasha Smirnova may well have saved me from frostbite in the depth of a Russian winter. I could not have had more delightful surroundings in which to write than Grove House, courtesy of Polly McLean and Rose McAfee, or to complete the book than Casa dei Fichi, for which my thanks to Jamie and Katherina Bielenberg-Bulloch and Christopher Bielenberg. The loan of
Otherwise
by Martin and Naomi Jennings has kept me afloat, Lesley Cusse’s password, connected. For their unconditional patronage, however, my deepest gratitude is to Stewart and Tamsin Wilkinson: Ivy Cottage is the refuge that every writer needs.

I have been supremely fortunate too in my research assistants, Luba Vinogradova, and Nika Frank whose youthful brilliance as a translator of Russian and German, scholar and critic I scarcely deserved. Dr Constance Bantman, Stephen Hancock and Professor Bernard Porter have all given greatly of their time to offer thorough, engaged and astute critiques that have saved me from many errors; they are, of course, exonerated of all responsibility for any that remain. Financial assistance received from the Authors Foundation, administered by the Society of Authors, in the form of a K. Blundell Trust award, offered a lifeline when completion of the archival research was in jeopardy, and was much appreciated.

Jörg Hensgen, Rowena Skelton-Wallace, Kay Peddle and Liam Relph at Bodley Head have offered timely support, David Milner an acute and sympathetic eye and ear; particular thanks are due to Will Sulkin for his unstinting commitment to the book in difficult circumstances and despite the author’s seemingly cavalier attitude to deadlines. Far more than an agent, Patrick Walsh has negotiated many obstacles on the book’s behalf: his team at Conville and Walsh, in particular Alex Christofi and Jake Smith-Bosanquet, deserve plaudits too. In New York, Christie Fletcher and Melissa Chinchilla found it the best of homes at Pantheon, where I am truly grateful for the support, enthusiasm and patience of Dan Frank, Jeff Alexander and Danny Yanez.

My greatest gratitude is due to my family, whose love, support and tolerance have been endlessly tested. My parents, Ros and Bas Butterworth, to whom I owe so much, and my in-laws, Penny and Sebastian Carter, have given of their time without complaint. Half the lives of my delightful children, Matilda and Thomas, have been spent in the book’s shadow, yet they have thrived regardless. For that and so much besides I owe a debt of inexpressible gratitude to my wife, Rebecca Carter, whose extraordinary human qualities are matched by her supreme talent and tenacity as an editor: a vocation which she has long deserved to practise without domestic distractions.