The Wonga Coup (36 page)

In Britain: Lucie Bourthoumieux; Richard Dowden; Frederick Forsyth; Anthony Goldman; Koosum Kalyan; Anthony Kerman; Paul Lashmar; Augustin Nze Nfumu; Melanie Riley; Patrick Smith; Mungo Soggot; Greg Wales. In France: Amir Ben Yamid; Henry Page. In Spain: Antonio Sanchez-Benedito. In South Africa: Raymond Archer; Henri Boshoff; Duncan Clarke; Richard Cornwell; Avelino Dala; Mr dos Santos; Victor Dracula; Peter Duffy; Christina Fernando; Johann Ferreira; Jendayi Frazer; Ann Grant; Alwyn Griebnow; James Kershaw; Peter Leon; Angela MacIntyre; Greg Mills; Nigel Morgan; Bruce Morrison; Chris Munnion; Ivor Powell; Torie Pretorious;
Martin Rupiya; Felicia Shapoda; Johann Smith; Crause Steyl; Niel Steyl; Piet Steyl; Cecilia Tchimuishi; Viviana Tchimuishi; Mark Thatcher; Neves Tomas; Piet van der Merwe; Margie Victor; Martin Weltz; Ron Wheeldon; Simon Witherspoon; Deon X; George X; ‘Mr Amstel'. In Zimbabwe: Efriam Masiwa; Cris Chinaka; Beloved Dhlakama; Jonathan Samukange; Paul Tembo; David Ashford; The owners of Wild Geese Lodge; ‘Maxwell', manager of Cresta Lodge.

From the National Archives in London: diplomatic dispatches regarding Equatorial Guinea in 1972, 1973 and 1974; special report on activities of mercenaries 1973.

Documents directly relating to the Wonga Coup in the author's possession:

‘Assisted Regime Change', July 2003;

Agreement One and Agreement Two (Mann–Moto contracts), July 2003;

Contract Nick du Toit–Congolese ‘PDD' rebels, July 2003;

Two investor agreements for Logo Logistics, November 2003;

Triple Options–Panac–Equatorial Guinea government agreement/business proposal, November 2003;

Two agendas for coup planning, November and December 2003;

codeword documents for communication among plotters, December 2003;

Logo Logistics–Triple Options finance agreement, December 2003;

Omega–Triple Options agreement, December 2003;

‘Bight of Benin Company', January 2004;

YKA subcontractor agreement, January 2004;

Logo–Panac subcontractor agreement, January 2004;

Logo Logistics dollar bank account late 2003–early 2004;

Joint Venture agreement Sonage–Triple Options Trading, January 2004;

Zimbabwe Defence Industries quotation for arms and ammunition, February 2004;

Dodson Aviation correspondence, February 2004;

Logo–MTS subcontractor agreement, February 2004;

handwritten Mann letter from prison, March 2004;

handwritten Mann confession, draft and final, March 2004;

power of attorney agreement, Mann–Griebnow, March 2004;

assorted intelligence reports by Nigel Morgan, 2004;

assorted intelligence reports by Johann Smith, 2000–2005;

assorted charge sheets against Greg Wales, David Tremain, Simon Mann and others in South Africa;

assorted plea bargains and summaries of agreed facts for Mark Thatcher, Crause Steyl and others;

assorted witness testimony, agreement statements of fact and others used in Zimbabwe trial;

assorted typed confessions of Mann, du Toit, Witherspoon, Carlse and others;

undated documents: payroll for footsoldiers; du Toit budget documents; passport details of fifty-six footsoldiers; copies of Mann's passport;

ruling of Guernsey court, April 2005;

copy of Foreign Military Assistance legislation, 1998;

‘Power and Terrain', unpublished manuscript by Greg Wales; also ‘Coups and Robbers' and the ‘LBW Coup', both by Wales;

unpublished manuscript of the Equatorial Guinea coup attempt, Piet Steyl, 2005.

Amnesty International, assorted reports on Equatorial Guinea.

Archer, Jeffrey
A quiver full of arrows
(Pan Books, 1980).

Bayart, Jean-Francois and others,
The Criminalization of the State in Africa; James Currey
(Oxford University Press and Indiana University Press, 1999).

Breytenbach, Jan,
The Buffalo Soldiers, the story of South Africa's 32 Battalion 1975–1993
(Galago, 2002)

Burton, Sir Richard Francis,
Wanderings in West Africa, from Liverpool to Fernando Po
, 2 vols. (1862) (reissued by The Narrative Press, 2001).

Cabell, Crai,
Frederick Forsyth, A Matter of Protocol
(Robson Books, 2001).

Carney, Daniel,
The Wild Geese
(Corgi Books, 1977).

Cilliers, Jakkie and others,
Peace, Profit or Plunder, the privatisation of security in war-torn African Societies
(Institute of Security Studies, 1999), the chapter by Khareen Pech.

Collins, Robert O.,
African History
(Random House, 1971).

Cook, Robin,
Chromosome 6
(Pan Books, 1997).

Coote, Stephen,
Drake, the Life and Legend of an Elizabethan Hero
(Pocket Books, 2003).

Crick, Michael,
Jeffrey Archer, Stranger Than Fiction
(Fourth Estate, 1999).

Fegley, Randall,
Equatorial Guinea: An African Tragedy
(P. Lang, 1989).

Ferguson, Niall,
Empire, How Britain Made the Modern World
(Penguin, 2003).

Forsyth, Frederick,
The Dogs of War
(Viking Press, 1974).

Forsyth, Frederick,
The Making of an African Legend: The Biafra Story
(Penguin, 1969).

Frynas, Jedrzej George, ‘The Oil Boom in Equatorial Guinea',
African Affairs
103/413, (2004), pp. 527–46.

Gary, Ian and Nikki Reisch, ‘Chad's Oil: Miracle or Mirage? Following the Money in Africa's Newest Petro-state', Catholic Relief Services and Bank Information Centre (February 2005).

Germani, Hans,
White Soldiers in Black Africa
(Nasionale Boekhandel Beperk, 1967).

Greene, Graham,
Journey Without Maps
(Vintage Classics, 1936).

Halloran, Paul and Mark Hollingsworth,
Thatcher's Fortunes. The Life and Times of Mark Thatcher
(Mainstream Publishing, 2005).

Harrison Church, R. J.,
West Africa, A Study of the Environment and Man's Use of It
(Longman's Green and Co. 1957).

Hoare, Mike,
Congo Mercenary
(Robert Hale, 1967).

Hoare, Mike,
The Seychelles Affair
(Bantam Press, 1986).

Hochschild, Adam,
King Leopold's Ghost
(Macmillan,1999).

Hooper, Jim,
Bloodsong: First-Hand Accounts of a Modern Private Army in Action, Angola 1993–1995
(Collins, 2002).

Human Rights Watch
, ‘Some Transparency, No Accountability: The Use of Oil Revenue in Angola and Its Impact on Human Rights', vol. 16, no. 1 (January 2004).

Human Rights Watch on West African mercenaries between 1998 and 2005: hrw.org/reports/2005/westAfrica0405.

International Bar Association, ‘Equatorial Guinea at the Crossroads',
www.ibanet.org
(October 2003).

Ives, Ryan A., ‘Diversifying the Oil Supply: Recommendations for Productive US Involvement in Equatorial Guinea',
International Affairs Review
, vol. 11, no. 2 (summer/autumn 2002),
pp. 54
–71.

Jeune Afrique Economie,
‘Guinee Equatoriale 1995' (1995).

Kingsley, Mary,
Travels in West Africa
(1897) Phoenix Press, (reissued by 1976).

Klitgaard, Robert,
Tropical Gangsters: One Man's Experience with Development and Decadence in Deepest Africa
(Basic Books, 1990).

Liniger-Goumaz, Max, trans. John Wood,
Small is Not Always Beautiful: The story of Equatorial Guinea
(Rowman & Littlefield, 1989).

Liniger-Goumaz, Max,
Who's Who de la dictature de Guinée Equatoriale, Les Nguemistes 1979–1993
(in French) (Les Editions du Temps, 1994).

Liniger-Goumaz, Max,
United States, France and Equatorial Guinea, the Dubious ‘Friendships
' (Les Editions du Temps, 1997).

McGowan, Patrick,
Journal of Modern African Studies
, vol. 41, no. 3 (September 2003).

McLynn, Frank,
Hearts of Darkness: the European Exploration of Africa
(Carroll and Graf, 1993).

Meredith, Martin,
The State of Africa: A History of the Fifty Years of Independence
(Jonathan Ball, 2005).

Mills, Greg and John Stremlau,
The Privatisation of Security in Africa
(South African Institute of International Affairs, 1999).

Mockler, Anthony,
The New Mercenaries
(Garden City Press, 1985).

Munnion, Chris,
Banana Sunday: Datelines from Africa
, (William Waterman, 1993).

Musah, Abdel-Fatau and J. Kayode Fayemi, eds.
Mercenaries, An African Security Dilemma
(Pluto Press, 2000).

Nortje, Piet,
32 Battalion; The Inside Story of South Africa's Elite Fighting Unit
(Zebra Books, 2003).

Nze Nfumu, Augustin,
Macias: Verdugo o Victima?
(in Spanish) (self-published, 2004).

Roberts, J. M.,
The Penguin History of the World
(Penguin Books, 1992).

Shearer, David, ‘Outsourcing War',
Foreign Policy
(Fall 1998).

Shelley, Toby,
Oil, Politics, Poverty and the Planet
(Zed Books, 2005).

Singer, P. W.,
Corporate Warriors, The Rise of the Privatised Military Industry
(Cornell University Press, 2003).

Singer, P. W., ‘Outsourcing War',
Foreign Affairs
(March/April, 2005),
pp. 119
–32.

Spicer, Tim,
An Unorthodox Soldier: Peace and War and the Sandline Affair
(Mainstream Publishing, 1999).

St Jorre, John de,
The Nigerian Civil War
(Hodder & Stoughton, 1972).

Sundiata, Ibrahim K.,
From Slaving to Neoslavery: The Bight of Biafra and Fernando Po in the Era of Abolition 1827–1930
(University of Wisconsin Press, 1996).

United States Senate Report on Riggs Bank (2004).

Van Rensburg, A. P. J.,
Contemporary Leaders of Africa
(HAUM, 1975).

Venter, Al J.,
Soldier of Fortune
(W. H. Allen, 1980).

Waugh, Evelyn,
Black Mischief
(1932) (Penguin Books, 1965).

Waugh, Evelyn,
Scoop
(1938) (Penguin Books, 2000).

Wood, Geoffrey, ‘Business and Politics in a Criminal State: The Case of Equatorial Guinea',
African Affairs
103/413 (2004), pp. 547–67.

Yergin, Daniel,
The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power
(Free Press, 1991).

BBC,
Coup!
(2006): comedy drama written by John Fortune.

BBC,
Review of 2003
, Barnaby Phillips on Sao Tome (Christmas, 2003).

BBC,
The Money Programme
, interview with Nick du Toit (October 2004).

BFC Productions,
La Nouvelle Fortune des Mercenaires
, directed by Patrice Dutertre (2005).

Carte Blanche, ETV, South Africa (29 May 2005).

Channel 4 documentary,
My Friend the Mercenary
, directed by James Brabazon (March 2005).

Channel 4 News
, interview with Crause Steyl (January 2005).

SABC Special Assignment, ‘Anatomy of a Coup', 8 February 2005.

60 Minutes
(Sunday, 1 June 1997).

Many newspapers proved useful. In South Africa:
This Day, The Star, Business Day, Sunday Times, Sunday Independent, Noseweek, Financial Mail, Mail and Guardian
. In Zimbabwe:
Zimonline, Herald
. In Britain: newspapers:
Observer, Sunday Times, Independent on Sunday, Guardian, Independent, Daily Mail, Financial Times, Sunday Telegraph, Telegraph, The Times, Evening Standard
; magazines:
New African, Africa Confidential, Private Eye, Spectator
, the
Economist
. In the United States:
Baltimore Sun, Washington Post, The New York Times, Los Angeles Times
,
Time, Newsweek, Newsday, Vanity Fair
, as well as National Public Radio, MotherJones.com. In France:
Jeune Afrique
. In Spain:
El Pais
and
El Mundo
.

There are many informative websites, but two particularly useful ones are:
www.afrol.com
(news from Equatorial Guinea) and
www.guinea-ecuatorial.org
(Moto's website).

A

AAA Aviation
122
,
123

Abacha, Sani
58

Abayak
229

Africa:

colonial history
19
,
62
,
82

oil, gas and mineral resources
49
–50,
226
–7,
230
–31,
262
–3,
274

see also
Equatorial Guinea

Wonga Coup's lessons for
262
–3,
275

Africa Confidential
59
,
171
,
172

African National Congress (ANC)
249

African Union
86

AIDS
see
HIV/AIDS

Alaska
274

Albatross
25
,
26
–30,
31

Allan, George
26
–8

Allerson, Georges
73
,
91
,
173
,
193
,
239

Ambush and Counter Ambush
98

Amerada Hess
229
,
263

Amnesty International
42
,
195
,
197
,
199
,
236
,
240
,
272
,
283

ANC
see
African National Congress

Ancient Order of Froth Blowers
8

Ancram, Michael
59