The Watchers (56 page)

The principal sources are: Sterrell to Phelippes, [?1 May] 1592, SP 12/242/3; Phelippes to the Earl of Essex, 30 May 1592, SP 12/242/33; Sterrell to Phelippes, [May] 1592, SP 12/242/37; Sterrell to Phelippes, 21 June 1592, SP 12/242/53; Sterrell to Phelippes, 26 Nov 1592, SP 12/243/66; Sterrell to Phelippes, 2 Jan [1593], SP 12/241/2; Sterrell to Phelippes, 15 Jan 1593, SP 12/244/15; Essex to Phelippes, June 1593, SP 12/245/40, on which see Hammer (1999), 156; Phelippes to Sterrell, 5 July 1593, SP 12/245/50; Sterrell to Phelippes, [?July] 1593, SP 12/246/61; Sterrell to Phelippes, [?23 July 1593], SP 12/255/52; Francis Bacon to Phelippes, 14 Aug 1592, SP 12/242/106; Lord Buckhurst to Phelippes, 8 Sep 1593, SP 12/245/92; Buckhurst to Phelippes, 10 Sep 1593, SP 12/245/93; Bacon to Phelippes, 15 Sep 1592, is SP 12/243/13. Essex's letter to Phelippes, SP 12/246/60, was endorsed by Phelippes as ‘93', but its context better fits Bacon's letter of 15 Sep 1592. The report on Reinold Bisley, endorsed by Thomas Phelippes, is SP 12/240/144. Phelippes's copy of the report on Bisley is SP 12/243/94. On bowling alleys in London see Salgado (1977), 38–9, and Judges (1965). The phrase ‘in one's buttons', meaning very plain or easy to see, is from Crystal and Crystal (2000), 60. On Bisley as Buckhurst's agent see his letter to Buckhurst of 7 Apr 1592, SP 12/241/118. See also Richard Verstegan's report of Bisley's capture by Buckhurst, 22 Sep/2 Oct 1592, Petti (1959), 75. Phelippes's interrogatories for Bisley,
c
. 25 July 1592, are SP 12/243/92, and his note of Bisley's examination, 25 July 1592, is SP 12/242/88. On Thomas Cloudesley, 19 Dec 1592, see SP 12/243/91 and SP 12/243/91.I. On Hugh Owen and Sir William Stanley see Loomie (1963), chs. 3, 5, and
ODNB
. On William Holt see
ODNB
and McCoog (1996). John Sheppard's receipt for Bisley's diet and lodging in prison, 25 Sep 1593, is SP 12/245/103. On the failure of Sterrell see Phelippes to Essex, 9 Dec 1596, CP 47/6, and Hammer (1999), 162–3. Essex's letter to Phelippes, endorsed by Phelippes June 1593, is SP 12/246/60, on which see Hammer (1999), 156. Sterrell's letter to Phelippes, [1594], is SP 12/250/61. Phelippes to Sir Robert Cecil, 14 April 1600, is SP 12/274/103; and 18 April 1600, SP 12/274/107.

On the Earl of Essex's intelligence service see Hammer (1999), ch. 5. Lord Burghley's health in the 1590s is discussed in Alford (2008), ch. 20. Burghley's letter to Sir Robert Cecil, 10 Feb 1594, is CUL MS Ee.3.56 no. 17. The
prognostications for late 1593 and 1594 are from the almanacs of James Carre (
STC
428) and Robert Westhawe (
STC
526). On the Lopez Plot see Dimock (1894), Hammer (1999), 159–63, Green (2003), and Edgar Samuel's biography in
ODNB
. The quotation by Essex is from his letter to Anthony Bacon, 28 Jan 1594,
ODNB
. On Manuel de Andrada, who acted as intermediary between Lopez and Don Bernardino de Mendoza, see Stone (1956), 235, 244, 252–3. Two of Andrada's letters to Mendoza are [Mar] 1590, SP 94/3 stamped f. 138r, and [23 Feb/5 Mar] 1591, SP 12/238/68. Andrada's letters to Lopez are [7/17 May 1591], SP 89/2 stamped f. 130r, and 6/16 July 1591, SP 12/239/83. There is a summary in English of Andrada's letters, [July] 1591, SP 94/4 stamped ff. 25r, 33r. See also Burghley's instructions for Thomas Mylles in questioning Andrada, 3 Aug 1591, SP 12/239/123. Burghley's interrogatories for Andrada, 16 Aug 1591, are SP 12/239/142, SP 12/239/142.II, and SP 12/239/142.III. Andrada's answers to the interrogatories are SP 12/239/150 (18 Aug 1591) and SP 12/240/4 and SP 12/240/5 [4 Sep 1591]. SP 12/247/101 is a copy of Lopez's indictment, [28 Feb] 1594. ‘A collection of the circumstances and particular proofs of the treasons as the same were set forth in evidence to the jury', [Feb] 1594, is SP 12/247/102. ‘A true report of the detestable treasons committed by Doctor Lopez', [Feb 1594], is SP 12/247/103. William Waad's narrative of the Lopez Plot is BL Additional MS 48029 ff. 147r–184v. See also the account of Lopez's treason in the hand of Burghley's secretary Henry Maynard and corrected by Burghley and Thomas Phelippes, CP 139/41–8. On Giacomo de Franceschi, or ‘Jacques', see Loomie (1963), 151–2, 155, 249. See also the confession of Henry Walpole, 13 June 1594, where he is ‘Jacomo Francischi' (SP 12/249/12) and the account of the treasons of Patrick O'Collun where he is ‘Jacobo de Francisco' (CP 29/74). The sources for the murder plots of O'Collun and Polewheele are: John Annyas's confession, Jan 1594, SP 12/247/33; ‘Notes drawn out of the confessions of [William] Polewheele to charge John Annyas and Patrick O'Collun', 4 Feb 1594, SP 12/247/39; O'Collun's confession, 6 Feb 1594, SP 12/247/35; Annyas's confessions, SP 12/247/60 (11 Feb 1594) and SP 12/247/62 (12 Feb 1594); Burghley's order for the apprehension of suspicious persons, 17 Feb 1594, SP 12/247/66; the royal proclamation, 21 Feb 1594,
STC
8236, Hughes and Larkin (1964–9), 3:134–6; Hugh Cahill's confession, written by Richard Topclyffe, 21 Feb 1594, SP 12/247/78; Polewheele's confession, 21 Feb 1594, SP 12/247/73; notes of O'Collun's examination, 21 Feb 1594, SP 12/247/76 and SP 12/247/77; John Danyell's statement, 21 Feb 1594, SP 12/247/79; Annyas's confession, 22 Feb 1594, SP 12/247/81; Danyell's statement, 25 Feb 1594, SP 12/247/91. On O'Collun and Annyas in the Tower see Harrison (2004), 261–2, 493. Danyell communicated with Burghley through the merchant
Thomas Jefferey: [28 July/7 Aug or 7 Aug] 1592, SP 12/242/104. Danyell named Michael Modye (or Moody) as one of the men who intended to blow up the Tower of London. Modye sent letters of intelligence to Burghley in 1591 (18 May, SP 12/238/155; 27 May, SP 12/238/185), though his loyalty as an intelligencer for Elizabeth's government was called into question in Aug 1591 (SP 12/239/148). In 1592 Reinold Bisley reported, probably to Burghley, that Modye had been in England three times that year (7 Apr 1592, SP 12/241/118). Probably most significant of all, however, is Burghley's estimate of Modye in Oct 1591, in which he was minded not to reject Modye's service (Burghley to Sir Thomas Heneage, 12 Oct 1591, CP 20/44). Edmund Yorke's letters are: to William Munning, 21 Mar 1594, SP 12/248/42; to Burghley, 1 July 1591, BL Lansdowne MS 67 f. 114r; to Sir Edward Yorke, 9 June 1594, SP 12/249/8; to Essex, 23 June 1594, SP 12/249/19; and to Sir Edward Yorke, 23 June 1594, SP 12/249/18. The relevant statements and confessions are those of Richard Blundevyll, 15 Apr 1594 (SP 12/248/69) and 17 Apr 1594 (SP 12/248/74); Edmund Yorke, 12 Aug 1594 (SP 12/249/66), 15 Aug 1594 (SP 12/249/79), 20 Aug 1594 (SP 12/249/98), 21 Aug 1594 (SP 12/249/98, SP 12/249/102, SP 12/249/103), 24 Aug 1594 (SP 12/249/112), and 28 Aug 1594 (SP 12/249/125); Henry Young, 30 July 1594 (SP 12/249/41), 12 Aug 1594 (SP 12/249/64), 16 Aug 1594 (SP 12/249/92), 24 Aug 1594 (SP 12/249/114), and his letter to Lord Cobham, 13 Aug 1594 (SP 12/249/74); Richard Williams, 12 Aug 1594 (SP 12/249/68, SP 12/249/91), 15 Aug 1594 (SP 12/249/81), 20 Aug 1594 (SP 12/249/96), 21 Aug 1594 (SP 12/249/108), 27 Aug 1594 (SP 12/249/129) and 28 Aug 1594 (SP 12/249/125). See also the interrogatories put to Yorke, Young and Williams, 14 Aug 1594, SP 12/249/78; and the statement of Anthony Jenkins, 17 Aug 1594, SP 12/249/95. Burghley's summary of Yorke's case, 9 Sep 1594, is CP 28/36–8. On the plot to assassinate Burghley, see Yorke's undated statement, SP 12/249/106. Francis Bacon's quotation on ‘the breaking of these fugitive traitors' is from Hammer (1999), 159. The best summary of Sir Robert Cecil's intelligence network after 1596 is Stone (1956), ch. 6 and app. 3. On the armada of 1596 see Wernham (1994), ch. 9. On Cecil's survey of France see Potter (2004). ‘The names of the intelligencers',
c
. 1597, is SP 12/265/134. Thomas Honiman's secret accounts are SP 12/269/30 (25 Oct 1596–26 Sep 1597, 11 Nov 1597–3 Dec 1598) and SP 12/271/91 (1599). ‘A memorial of intelligencers in several places' by Cecil, Jan 1598, is SP 12/265/133, printed in Stone (1956), app. 3. The advice by Robert Beale, from 1592, is BL Additional MS 48149 ff. 3v–9v, printed in Read (1925), 1:423–43, quotation at 427. The paper from 1601 on ‘Intelligencers abroad' is SP 12/283/72.

Nicholas Berden's letters to Sir Francis Walsingham are: 14 Mar 1588, SP 12/209/19; and 24 Apr 1588, SP 12/209/107. On Gilbert Gifford's years in prison in Paris see Pollen (1922), 118–20. On Munday, Shakespeare and his handwriting, and ‘Sir Thomas More' see Munday (1990). See also Hamilton (2005). On Robert Poley and Christopher Marlowe see Nicholl (2002). For a short but essential critique of the evidence of Marlowe's espionage see John Bossy's review of Park Honan's biography of Marlowe in
London Review of Books
, 28:24 (14 Dec 2006). Robert Poley's missions are set out in de Kalb (1933). His codes and cipher are SP 106/2 stamped ff. 73r–75r, printed in Seaton (1931). See also Boas (1928) and de Kalb (1928). The best short study of Thomas Phelippes's later years is Hasler (1981), 3:219–20 (which uses the spelling Phillips). Phelippes's letters are: to Robert Cecil, Viscount Cranborne, 29 Jan 1605 (SP 14/12/42) and 31 Jan 1605 (SP 14/12/44); to Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury on the Gunpowder treason, [Feb 1606] (SP 14/18/61) and 4 Feb 1606 (SP 14/18/63). On Phelippes and Hugh Owen see Loomie (1963), 83–9; and to Secretary Conway, 23 Feb 1625, SP 14/184/34. On William Allen see Duffy (2002) and on Englefield see Loomie (1963), ch. 2. On Robert Persons and the English succession see Holmes (1980), Doran (2004) and
ODNB
. On Thomas Morgan and Charles Paget after 1603 see Pollen (1922), ccvi–ccx. On Persons's
Conference about the next succession
see Holmes (1980), Doran (2004) and Lake (2004). King James VI's quotation from 1601 is from Dalrymple (1766), 6; that from 1588 in Allison (2009), 222, in which see ch. 8 more generally. The most important documents on the case of Valentine Thomas are George Nicholson's reports to Sir Robert Cecil, [June 1598], SP 52/62/39, and 1 July 1598, SP 52/62/43; Queen Elizabeth's instructions to Sir William Bowes, 1 July 1598, SP 52/62/46; negotiations between James's ambassador and Elizabeth's Privy Council, 10 Sep 1598, SP 52/63/4; and Nicholas, Master of Elphinstone to David Foulis, 26 Sep 1598, SP 52/63/17. On Thomas see Doran (2004). On the accession of James VI of Scotland to the Tudor throne see Stafford (1940), ch. 9, and Vignaux (2004). Lord Henry Howard's words about Sir Robert Cecil are from Stafford (1940), 257. W. H. Auden's poem is ‘Musée des Beaux Arts' (1938). The quotation by Francis Bacon is from his essay ‘Of simulation and dissimulation' in Bacon (1632), 31.

[Alfield, Thomas.] 1582.
A true reporte of the death & martyrdome of M. Campion Jesuite and preiste, & M. Sherwin, & M. Bryan preistes, at Tiborne the first of December 1581. STC
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[Allen, William.] 1581.
An apologie and true declaration of the Institution and endevours of the two English Colleges, the one in Rome, the other now resident in Rhemes: against certaine sinister informations given up against the same. STC
369. [Rheims: ?John Fogny.]

—. 1582.
A Briefe Historie of the Glorious Martyrdom of XII. Reverend Priests, executed within these twelvemonethes for confession and defence of the Catholike faith. But under the false pretence of treason. STC
369.5. [Rheims: John Fogny.]

—. 1584.
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—. 1587.
The copie of a letter written by M. Doctor Allen: concerning the yielding up, of the citie of Daventrie, unto his Catholike Majestie, by Sir William Stanley knight. STC
370. Antwerp: Joachim Trognaesius.

—. [1588a].
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22590. [Antwerp: A. Coninncx.]

—. 1588b.
An Admonition to the nobility and people of England and Ireland concerninge the present warres made for the execution of his Holines Sentence, by the highe and mightie Kinge Catholike of Spaine. STC
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[Aylmer, John.] 1559.
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The twoo bookes of Francis Bacon. Of the proficience and aduancement of learning, divine and humane. STC
1164. London: [Thomas Purfoot and Thomas Creede for] Henrie Tomes.

—. 1632.
The Essayes or Counsels, Civill and Morall. STC
1150. London: John Haviland.

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A particular declaration or testimony, of the undutifull and traiterous affection borne against her Majestie by Edmond Campion Jesuite, and other condemned Priestes, witnessed by their owne confessions. STC
4536. London: Christopher Barker.

—. [1585a].
A True and plaine declaration of the horrible Treasons, practised by William Parry the Traitor, against the Queenes Majestie. The maner of his Arraignment, Conviction and execution, together with the copies of sundry letters of his and others, tending to divers purposes, for the proofes of his Treasons. STC
19342. London: [Christopher Barker].

—. [1585b].
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19617.5. [London: Christopher Barker.

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A Briefe Treatise of diverse plaine and sure wayes to finde out the truthe in this doubtful and dangerous time of Heresie. STC
3799. Antwerp: John Fowler.

Campion, Edmund. 1632.
Campion Englished, or A Translation of the Ten Reasons, in which Edmund Campian … insisted in his Challenge, to the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. STC
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Cecil, John. [1599.]
A discoverye of the errors committed and injuryes don to his Ma: off Scotlande and nobilitye off the same realme, and John Cecyll pryest and D. off divinitye. STC
4894. [Paris: G. de la Noue.]