The Warden (30 page)

3
(p. 37).
that fellow at Rochester
: Robert Whiston: see Introduction and Chapter 2, note 2.

4
(p. 37).
the spirit of Sir Benjamin Hall give way
: Sir Benjamin Hall (1802–67), another fierce Parliamentary critic of the Established Church, who published open letters to the Archbishop of Canterbury and others attacking abuses of Church patronage and the mismanagement of Church property.

5
(p. 38).
Jewel's library
: John Jewel (1522–71), became Bishop of Salisbury in 1560 and built a library for the cathedral.

6
(p. 46).
that wretched clerical octogenarian Croesus
: The Earl of Guilford: see Introduction and Chapter 2, note 1. Croesus was the last king of Lydia in the sixth century
BC
and a man of legendary wealth.

7
(p. 46).
brougham
: A closed carriage driven by a single horse, named after Lord Brougham (1778–1868).

1
(p. 49).
consolation of a Roman
: That of having put the requirements of justice and the public good before personal interests. See note 2 below.

2
(p. 51).
the Barchester Brutus
: Lucius Junius Brutus, who helped to found the Roman republic at the end of the sixth century
BC
and was renowned for his strict sense of justice. He condemned his two sons to death for treason.

3
(p. 51).
mad reforms even at Oxford
: In 1850 Lord John Russell set up a Royal Commission to inquire into the condition of clerically-dominated Oxford University, which reported in 1852 and recommended reforms.

4
(p. 52).
Apollo
: Greek god of light, poetry, music and healing, and a symbol of masculine beauty.

5
(p. 52).
prebendaries
: A prebendary is a canon who enjoys a prebend, or stipend, attached to a particular stall or seat in a cathedral, in return for which he is required to officiate at stated times.

6
(p. 53).
short whist
: The English version of Whist, the most popular of card games before the advent of Bridge, which developed out of it. There are two pairs of partners and thirteen tricks to each deal. Each trick taken after six scores one point; a game is won by the first side to score five points, and a rubber by the first to win two games. The four top trumps, Ace, King, Queen and Jack, are honours, and these are scored at the end
of the hand after tricks have been taken; if one side holds all four honours, they score four points, if three, two points. To win a treble, which carries three game points, one side must take five or more points to zero. Trollope's mock-heroic treatment of the game, like the preceding account of the dance, echoes Pope's
Rape of the Lock
(1714).

7
(p. 53).
marks a treble under the candlestick
. The following note on the scoring was provided by David Parlett, author of
The Penguin Book of Card Games
, to whom I am very grateful. ‘The archdeacon and his partner had already won the first hand by 7–6, so gaining one point for “the odd trick last time”. They now win the second by 8–5, earning two more game points for tricks: in addition, they score two for honours, having held three of the top trumps between them. (All, that is, save the queen, attention being drawn to the fact that she lay – “comfort-giving” and “cherished” – in the doctor's hand.) Thus brought to five game points, the archdeacon and his partner win a treble by virtue of the fact that their opponents scored none.'

8
(p. 54). ‘
three and thirty points!
': Presumably the winning margin of the archdeacon and his partner, arrived at by subtracting the losers' game points in the rubbers from the winners'.

1
(p. 59).
the daily ‘Jupiter
': As discussed in the Introduction, the
Jupiter
is based on
The Times
, then known as ‘The Thunderer' (an epithet given to Zeus or Jupiter in classical mythology) because of the magisterial and, at that time, generally reformist pronouncements of its leader columns.

2
(p. 60).
Addison
: Joseph Addison (1672–1719), poet, essayist and politician. The essays he wrote for the
Spectator
(1711–12) were long considered to be models of English prose style, in their urbanity, clarity and respect for good sense.

3
(p. 60).
Junius
: The pseudonymous author of a series of trenchant newspaper letters which appeared from 1769 to 1772, attacking the political misconduct of George III and his ministers.

4
(p. 62). ‘
Convent Custody Bill
': A reference to the ‘Recovery of Personal Liberty in Certain Cases' Bill, introduced by Thomas Chambers on 10 May 1853. Its purpose was to provide for the release of women allegedly restrained against their will in Roman Catholic convents, and proposed that the Home Secretary ‘should have the power of appointing one or more persons, where there were reasonable grounds to infer the exercise of coercion and restraint towards any female anywhere, to go, in company with a justice of the peace, to the house, see the party, ascertain the facts, and, if necessary, put the ordinary law in force by writ of
habeas corpus
' (
Annual Register
, 1853, p. 113). The Bill was given a second reading on 22 June 1853, when an amendment was moved that it be referred to a select committee, but it was never enacted. Coming at the time of ‘Papal Aggression', when Protestant feeling was
running high as a result of the restoration of the Roman Catholic hierarchy to England and Wales in 1850, it was a provocative measure and had the predictable effect of dividing Irish Protestant and Catholic members.
The Times
supported it.

1
(p. 64).
the bench of bishops
: The twenty-six bishops entitled to sit in the House of Lords.

2
(p. 64).
worreted
: worried.

3
(p. 64).
Charles James
: Each of the archdeacon's sons is named after a well-known contemporary bishop, Charles James after C. J. Blomfield (1786–1857), at that time Bishop of London. He was a man of great practical energy but, like his fictional namesake, had the reputation of being remote and a trimmer: ‘In an age of partisans neither side could count on his support' (Owen Chadwick,
The Victorian Church
, Part I (A. & C. Black, 1966), p. 133).

4
(p. 65).
Henry
: After Henry Philpotts (1778–1869), Bishop of Exeter, the most pugnacious champion of the conservative cause on the bench of bishops. An unrelenting fighter and opponent of reform, he was burnt in effigy by a crowd which attacked his palace at the time of the Reform Bill debates in 1831. The remark that Henry Grantly ‘was inclined to be a bully' refers to Philpotts's reputation for harassing the clergy of his diocese on matters of doctrine, which was fresh in the public mind because of his refusal in 1847 to institute the Rev. G. C. Gorham to the living of Brampford Speke on account of Gorham's Low Church views on baptism. The issue is a
cause célèbre
of Victorian Church history, and was eventually decided in Gorham's favour by the judicial committee of the Privy Council in 1850.

5
(p. 65).
Luther the reformer… Capuchin friar to the very life
: i.e. Henry could act with equal skill the part of Protestant reformer or Catholic friar. Trollope probably intends a reference to Philpotts's love of controversy and versatility in argument rather than to any flexibility in doctrine, for Philpotts remained consistent in both his Toryism and his High Church beliefs.

6
(p. 66).
dear little Soapy
: The archdeacon's third son is named after another conservative High Churchman, Samuel Wilberforce (1805–73), who was Bishop of Oxford from 1845 to 1869. His smoothness of manner and reputed evasiveness on tricky issues earned him the nickname ‘Soapy Sam'.

7
(p. 69).
Rabelais… Panurge
: Panurge is a character in
Gargantua and Pantagruel
(1532–52), the chief work of the French humorous writer and satirist François Rabelais (1494?–1553). His writings were considered coarse and indecent in the Victorian period.

8
(p. 69).
attorney-general
: Senior law officer and chief legal adviser to the Crown in England and Wales.

9
(p. 71).
all the skill of Bramah or of Chubb
: Famous locksmiths. Joseph Bramah (1748–1814) invented a lock which was reputedly unpickable, until picked by an American at the Great Exhibition of 1851. Charles Chubb (1772–1846) founded the firm of Chubb and Sons, which made his brand of patent locks.

1
(p. 75).
ipsissima verba
: The very words.

2
(p. 79).
it has taken up the case… against half a dozen bishops: The Times
had not only taken the reformer's side in the St Cross and Rochester affairs, it had also, as discussed in the Introduction, conducted something of a campaign in 1853 against the Bishop of Salisbury, accusing him of misappropriating the revenues of his see to the extent of £24,318 over a fourteen-year period.

1
(p. 85)
the Quakers and Mr Cobden… in aid of the Emperor of Russia
: Richard Cobden (1804–65) and his friend the Quaker John Bright (1811–89) were radical leaders prominent in opposing the war with Russia in the Crimea which broke out in 1854.

2
(p. 85).
Tom Towers
: Although this is a highly topical novel, and the
Jupiter
is based on
The Times
, Tom Towers is not in any sense intended as a personal portrait of the then editor, John Delane (1817–79). In his
Autobiography
Trollope wrote that ‘living away in Ireland, I had not even heard the name of any gentleman connected with the
Times
newspaper, and could not have intended to represent any individual by Tom Towers' (Chapter 5).

3
(p. 89).
not if all Oxford were to convocate together
: A reference to the Oxford Convocation, the legislative assembly of the university, which could and did pronounce on ecclesiastical issues at this time.

1
(p. 90).
an Agamemnon worthy of an Iphigenia?
: Iphigenia was sacrificed to the goddess Artemis at Aulis in order to dispel the opposing winds which were preventing the Greeks, under her father Agamemnon, sailing to Troy.

2
(p. 90).
not so had Jephthah's daughter saved her father
: In Judges xi Jephthah vows that he will sacrifice the first person who comes out of his house to greet him on returning home, if God will give him victory over the Ammonites. He wins the battle, but the first to meet him is his daughter, his only child, who submits to be sacrificed so that her father may not break his vow.

3
(p. 91).
triste
: Sad.

1
(p. 102).
the Lydian school of romance
: After Lydia Languish in Sheridan's play
The Rivals
(1775), who is perversely disappointed when the penniless lover with whom she hopes to elope, Ensign Beverley, turns out to be Captain Absolute the wealthy suitor chosen for her by her aunt.

2
(p. 103).
the archdeacon's glebe
: Land granted to a clergyman as part of his living.

3
(p. 104).
sanctum sanctorum
: Holy of holies; hence a very private place.

4
(p. 104).
opposition to the consecration of Dr Hampden
: Renn Dickson Hampden (1793–1868) was a liberal theologian who angered High Churchmen by what they saw as his hostility to the dogmatic element in Christianity and by his pamphlet,
Observations on Religious Dissent
(1834), which argued that nonconformists ought to be admitted to Oxford and allowed to attend Anglican worship. When he was made Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford in 1836 there was an outcry, led by Newman and other High Churchmen, and another in 1847 when he was nominated Bishop of Hereford by Lord John Russell.

5
(p. 104).
Chrysostom… Dr Philpotts
: Famous Church leaders who, like Archdeacon Grantly, had been involved in one way or another with the problem of the relations between Church and State. St Chrysostom (347?–407) was Archbishop of Constantinople (398–404), where his attempt to reform the city won him the hostility of the Empress Eudoxia and led to his banishment. St Augustine could be either the Church Father Augustine of Hippo (354–430), author of the famous
Confessions
and
De Civitate Dei
, an influential treatise on the philosophy of history and the relations of Church and State, or the Roman monk (d. 604) who converted the English to Christianity and became the first Archbishop of Canterbury (601–4).

St Thomas à Beckett (1118–70), Archbishop of Canterbury (1162–70), was murdered at the instigation of King Henry II for resisting the king's attempts to extend royal control over the Church. Cardinal Thomas Wolsey (1474?–1530) became Archbishop of York in 1514 and Henry VIII's Lord Chancellor in 1515; he was successful in foreign affairs until he failed to achieve papal approval for Henry's divorce from Catherine of Aragon, and in 1530 he was arrested for high treason, dying on his way to London to face trial. William Laud (1573–1645) was Charles II's Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633; a vigorous proponent of High Church principles and practices, and a persecutor of Puritans, he was impeached by the Long Parliament and executed. Laudian Anglicanism maintained that the Roman Catholic and Anglican communions were both part of a single Catholic Church, and was the ideal standard to which Victorian High Churchmen and Tractarians looked back in their attempts to revive the Catholic heritage of the Church of England. For Dr Philpotts see Chapter 8, note 4.