The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 (108 page)

5
Dreadnought
: The Anglo-German Naval Rivalry

1
.
The Times
, 16 August 1902.
2
. Williams, ‘Made in Germany’, 10.
3
. Ibid., 11.
4
. Geppert, ‘The Public Challenge to Diplomacy’, 134.
5
. Ibid., 143–4.
6
. Thompson,
Northcliffe
, 45.
7
. Steiner and Neilson,
Britain and the Origins
, 178–81.
8
. Roberts,
Salisbury
, 666.
9
. Kennedy,
Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism
, 247.
10
. Ibid., 237.
11
. Ibid., 248.
12
. Steiner and Neilson,
Britain and the Origins
, 33.
13
. Rüger,
The Great Naval Game
, 12, 98.
14
. Rüger, ‘Nation, Empire and Navy’, 162.
15
. Offer,
The First World War
, 82.
16
. French, ‘The Edwardian Crisis and the Origins of the First World War’, 208–9.
17
. Thompson,
Northcliffe
, 296.
18
. Kennedy,
Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism
, 416.
19
. Offer,
The First World War
, 222.
20
. Ibid., 223–4.
21
. Ibid., ch. 15.
22
. French, ‘The Edwardian Crisis and the Origins of the First World War’, 211–12.
23
. Thompson,
Northcliffe
, 134.
24
. O’Brien, ‘The Costs and Benefits of British Imperialism, 1846–1914’, 187.
25
. Wilson,
The Policy of the Entente
, 11.
26
. Roberts,
Salisbury
, 109.
27
. Gardiner,
Pillars of Society
, 53.
28
. Massie,
Dreadnought
, 404.
29
. Gardiner,
Pillars of Society
, 54.
30
. Ibid., 56.
31
. Massie,
Dreadnought
, 408.
32
. Marder,
From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow
, 14.
33
. Gardiner,
Pillars of Society
, 57.
34
. Ibid., 57.
35
. Marder,
From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow
, 15.
36
. Ibid., 18.
37
. Gardiner,
Pillars of Society
, 55–6.
38
. Massie,
Dreadnought
, 410.
39
. Marder,
From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow
, 7–9.
40
. Ibid., 33.
41
. Ibid., 36.
42
. Herwig,
‘Luxury’ Fleet
, 55.
43
. Ibid., 54–5.
44
. Massie,
Dreadnought
, 485.
45
. Herwig, ‘The German Reaction to the Dreadnought Revolution’, 276.
46
. Marder,
From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow
, 107.
47
. Herwig,
‘Luxury’ Fleet
, 50.
48
. O’Brien, ‘The Titan Refreshed’, 153–6.
49
. Rüger, ‘Nation, Empire and Navy’, 174.
50
. Gordon, ‘The Admiralty and Dominion Navies, 1902–1914’, 409–10.
51
. O’Brien, ‘The Titan Refreshed’, 150.
52
. Ibid., 159.
53
. Steiner, ‘The Last Years’, 77.
54
. Ibid., 76, 85.
55
. Otte, ‘Eyre Crowe and British Foreign Policy’, 27.
56
. BD, vol. III, Appendix, 397–420, p. 417.
57
. Ibid., 403–4.
58
. Ibid., 415–16.
59
. Ibid., 419.
60
. Stevenson,
Armaments
, 101.
61
. Epkenhans,
Tirpitz
, Kindle version, loc. 695–9.
62
. Herwig, ‘The German Reaction to the Dreadnought Revolution’, 278.
63
. Epkenhans,
Tirpitz
, Kindle version, loc. 831–5.
64
. Herwig,
‘Luxury’ Fleet
, 8–9.
65
. Ibid., 62.
66
. Herwig, ‘The German Reaction to the Dreadnought Revolution’, 279.
67
. Ibid., 281.
68
. Steinberg, ‘The Copenhagen Complex’, 38.
69
. Steinberg, ‘The Novelle of 1908’, 28.
70
. Marder,
From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow
, 112–13.
71
. Berghahn,
Germany and the Approach of War
, 57–8.
72
. Herwig,
‘Luxury’ Fleet
, 62; Epkenhans,
Tirpitz
, Kindle version, loc. 764–7.
73
. Massie,
Dreadnought
, 701.
74
. Epkenhans,
Tirpitz
, Kindle version, loc. 813–17.
75
. Ritter,
The Sword and the Sceptre
, 298n76.
76
. Steinberg, ‘The Novelle of 1908’, 26, 36.
77
. Ibid., 39.
78
. Epkenhans,
Tirpitz
, Kindle version, loc. 749–56.
79
. Marder,
From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow
, 140–42.
80
. Epkenhans,
Tirpitz
, Kindle version, loc. 758–61.
81
. Bülow,
Memoirs of Prince von Bulow
, vol. I, 357.
82
. Thompson,
Northcliffe
, 153.
83
. BD, vol. VI, 117, pp. 184–90; Bülow,
Memoirs of Prince von Bulow
, vol. I, 358–60.
84
. Steinberg, ‘The Novelle of 1908’, 41–2.
85
. Hopman,
Das ereignisreiche Leben
, 152.
86
. Otte, ‘An Altogether Unfortunate Affair’, 297–301.
87
. Ibid., 301–2.
88
. Ibid., 305–7, 314.
89
. Clark,
Kaiser Wilhelm II
, 239–40.
90
. Otte, ‘An Altogether Unfortunate Affair’, 329.
91
. Balfour,
The Kaiser and His Times
, 291.
92
. Einem,
Erinnerungen eines Soldaten
, 122.
93
. Wilson,
The Policy of the Entente
, 7.
94
. Marder,
From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow
, 156.
95
. Cannadine,
The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy
, 48–9; Grigg,
Lloyd George
, 203–8, 223.
96
. Kennedy,
Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism
, 423.

6 Unlikely Friends: The Entente Cordiale between France and Britain

1
. Eubank, ‘The Fashoda Crisis Re-examined’, 145–8.
2
. Andrew,
Théophile Delcassé
, 45.
3
. Tombs and Tombs,
That Sweet Enemy
, 428–9; Roberts,
Salisbury
, 702; Eubank, ‘The Fashoda Crisis Re-examined’, 146–7.
4
. Tombs, 126.
5
. Thompson,
Northcliffe
, 55–7.
6
. Roberts,
Salisbury
, 706–8.
7
. Mayne et al.,
Cross Channel Currents
, 5.
8
. BD, vol. I, 300, p. 242.
9
. Mayne et al.,
Cross Channel Currents
, 5.
10
. Kennedy,
Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism
, 234.
11
. Eckardstein and Young,
Ten Years at the Court of St. James
, 228.
12
. Rich,
The Tsar’s Colonels
, 88.
13
. Weber,
France: Fin de Siècle
, 105–6.
14
. Ousby,
The Road to Verdun
, 168–9.
15
. Weber,
France: Fin de Siècle
, 106.
16
. Joly, ‘La France et la Revanche’, passim.
17
. Porch,
The March to the Marne
, 55.
18
. Ousby,
The Road to Verdun
, 169.
19
. Ibid., 122–4.
20
. Barclay,
Thirty Years
, 135.
21
. Weber,
France: Fin de Siècle
, 121–4.
22
. Ousby,
The Road to Verdun
, 120.
23
. Hayne,
French Foreign Office
, 28–40; Keiger,
France and the Origins
, 25–9.
24
. Hayne,
French Foreign Office
, 38–9.
25
. Porch,
The March to the Marne
, 83, 218–21, 250–52 and passim.
26
. Tombs and Tombs,
That Sweet Enemy
, 426.
27
. Ibid., 426–7.
28
. Barclay,
Thirty Years
, 140–41.
29
. Lincoln,
In War’s Dark Shadow
, 17.
30
. Keiger,
France and the Origins
, 11–12; Fuller,
Strategy and Power in Russia
, 353–4.
31
. Sanborn, ‘Education for War and Peace’, 213–14.
32
. BD, vol. II, 35, pp. 285–8.
33
. Andrew,
Théophile Delcassé
, 1–10.
34
. Hayne, ‘The Quai d’Orsay’, 430.
35
. Andrew,
Théophile Delcassé
, 67.
36
. Ibid., 90.
37
. Ibid., 18–19.
38
. Ibid., 54.
39
. Ibid., 24, 91.
40
. Ibid., 191.
41
. Monger,
The End of Isolation
, 104–5.
42
. Andrew,
Théophile Delcassé
, 190, 196–7.
43
. Ibid., 181.
44
. Hayne,
French Foreign Office
, 109.
45
. Eubank,
Paul Cambon
, 65.
46
. Hayne,
French Foreign Office
, 103.
47
. Eubank,
Paul Cambon
, 95.
48
. Ibid., 209.
49
. Ibid., 65, 68; Hayne,
French Foreign Office
, 103.
50
. Andrew,
Théophile Delcassé
, 186–7.
51
. Nicolson,
Portrait of a Diplomatist
, 86.
52
. Ibid., 84.
53
. Andrew,
Théophile Delcassé
, 186.
54
. Monger,
The End of Isolation
, 772.
55
. Andrew,
Théophile Delcassé
, 207–8.
56
. Cronin,
Paris on the Eve
, 63; Tombs and Tombs,
That Sweet Enemy
, 439–41; Mayne et al.,
Cross Channel Currents
, 14–16.
57
. Andrew,
Théophile Delcassé
, 209.
58
. Hayne,
French Foreign Office
, 94.
59
. Andrew,
Théophile Delcassé
, 212–14; Williamson,
Politics of Grand Strategy
, 10–13.
60
. Eubank,
Paul Cambon
, 87.
61
. Williamson,
Politics of Grand Strategy
, 27; Weinroth, ‘The British Radicals’, 657–8.
62
. Clark,
Kaiser Wilhelm II
, 192.
63
. Fischer,
War of Illusions
, 52–4.
64
. Sharp,
Anglo-French Relations
, 18.
65
. Lloyd George,
War Memoirs
, vol. I, 3.