The War Against Boys (33 page)

29.
 According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in a 2007 parent-reported survey of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children ages four to seventeen, boys were much more likely to have been diagnosed with AD/HD (13.2 percent of boys and 5.6 percent of girls). This means boys constitute 73 percent of AD/HD diagnoses. See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Increasing Prevalence of Parent-Reported Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children—United States, 2003 and 2007,”
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
59, no. 44 (November 12, 2010), pp. 1439–1443.

30.
 Christina Hoff Sommers, “The War Against Boys,”
The Atlantic Monthly
285, no. 5 (May 2000), pp. 59–74; Peg Tyre, “The Trouble with Boys,”
Newsweek
(January 30, 2006). See also Marcia Vickers, “Why Can't We Let Boys Be Boys?,”
BusinessWeek
, no. 3834 (May 26, 2003), p. 84. See also Richard Whitmire, “Boy Trouble,”
The New Republic
234, no. 2 (January 23, 2006), p. 15. See also Brendan I. Koerner, “Where the Boys Aren't,”
U.S. News & World Report
, 126, no. 5 (February 8, 1999), pp. 46–55. See also “The Gender Gap: Boys Lagging,” report by Leslie Stahl,
60 Minutes
, CBS, February 11, 2009. See also “Author Richard Whitmire Examines the Gender Gap in Education,”
ABC News
, ABC, January 15, 2010. See also Richard Whitmire,
Why Boys Fail: Saving Our Sons from an Educational System That's Leaving Them Behind
(New York: American Management Association, 2010). See also Angela Phillips,
The Trouble with Boys: A Wise and Sympathetic Guide to the Risky Business of Raising Sons
(New York: Basic Books, 1994).

31.
 See, for example, Duncan Chaplin and Daniel Klasik,
Gender Gaps in College and High School Graduation by Race, Combining Public and Private Schools
(Fayetteville: Education Working Paper Archive, Department of Education Reform, University of Arkansas, November 16, 2006). See also Arizona State University Center for Community Development and Civil Rights,
Pathways to Prevention: The Latino Male Dropout Crisis
(2007). See also Krista Kafer,
Taking the Boy Crisis in Education Seriously: How School Choice Can Boost Achievement Among Boys and Girls
(Washington, DC: Women for School Choice: A Project of the Independent Women's Forum, April 2007).

32.
 Celine Coggins,
Are Boys Making the Grade? Gender Gaps in Achievement and Attainment
(Cambridge, MA: Rennie Center for Education Research and Policy, October 2006), p. 9.

33.
 Ibid., p. 2.

34.
 California Postsecondary Education Commission,
The Gender Gap in California
Higher Education: Commission Report 06-08
(Sacramento: California Postsecondary Education Commission, June 2006), and California Postsecondary Education Commission,
The Gender Gap in California Higher Education: Commission Report: A Follow-Up
(Sacramento: California Postsecondary Education Commission, September 2006).

35.
 Ibid., p. 2.

36.
 Ibid., p. 5.

37.
 Linda Hallman,
AAUW Current Topics Briefing #5: Breaking Through Barriers Briefing,
American Association of University Women, June 30, 2008,
www.aauw.org/member_center/briefings/briefingUnifyingFocus_063008.cfm
(accessed August 9, 2011).

38.
 Linda Hallman, “Strength in Numbers,”
AAUW Outlook
(Washington, DC: AAUW Publications Office, Spring/Summer 2008), p. 3.

39.
 Turner Strategies Inc.,
AAUW “Where the Girls Are” Report
soundbites from AAUW President Linda Hallman, 7 min., 31 sec.; video recording, uploaded May 18, 2008,
www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdPkKgM2kfw
(accessed August 9, 2011). Quote begins at 1:18.

40.
 It was also featured in several influential education publications and websites such as the National Council of Teachers of English Blog and Inside Higher Education.

41.
 Christianne Corbett, Catherine Hill, and Andresse St. Rose,
Where the Girls Are: The Facts About Gender Equity in Education
(Washington, DC: AAUW Educational Foundation, May 2008), p. 6.

42.
 Ibid., p. 55.

43.
 Ibid., p. 2.

44.
 Ibid., p. 9.

45.
 Caryl Rivers and Rosalind Chait Barnett, “The Myth of the Boys Crisis,”
Washington Post
, April 9, 2006,
www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/07/AR2006040702025.html
(accessed June 20, 2012). See also Sara Mead,
The Evidence Suggests Otherwise: The Truth About Girls and Boys
(Washington, DC: Education Sector, June 2006).

46.
 Tamar Lewin, “Girls' Gains Have Not Cost Boys, Report Says,”
New York Times
, May 20, 2008,
www.nytimes.com/2008/05/20/education/20girls.html
(accessed June 20, 2012).

47.
 Corbett, Hill, and St. Rose,
Where the Girls Are: The Facts About Gender Equity in Education
, p. 55.

48.
 US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
Earned Degrees Conferred, 1869–70 through 1964–65
; Projections of Education Statistics to 2019; Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS),
Degrees and Other Formal Awards Conferred
surveys, 1965–66 through 1985–86; and 1986–87 through 2008–09 Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System,
Completions Survey
(IPEDS-C:87-99), and Fall 2000 through Fall 2009. (This table was prepared September 2010.)

49.
 
PBS NewsHour
, “Forum: Education Experts on Gender Gap,” PBS,
www.pbs.org/newshour/forum/education/jan-june08/gendergap_05-21.html
(accessed August 4, 2011).

50.
 US Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2008 Annual Social and Economic Supplement (internet release date: April 2009).

51.
 Valerie Strauss, “No Crisis for Boys in Schools, Study Says,”
Washington Post
, May 20, 2010,
www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/19/AR2008051902798.html
(accessed July 11, 2012).

52.
 According to statistics from 2009 Department of Education data cited by forbes.com, the gender ratio at Fisk University is 64 percent female, 35 percent male,
www.forbes.com/colleges/fisk-university/
(accessed July 11, 2012);
U.S. News & World Report
's profile of Howard University includes a student body that is 67 percent female and 33 percent male,
http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/howard-university-1448
(accessed July 11, 2012);
U.S. News & World Report
shows a gender ratio of 72 percent female and 28 percent male for Clark Atlanta University,
http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/clark-atlanta-university-1551
(accessed July 11, 2012).

53.
 Andrew Sum et al., “The Gender Gaps in High School Graduation, Post-Secondary Education/Training Program Enrollment, and Four-Year College Enrollment Rates of Boston Public School Graduates, Class of 2007” (Boston: Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University, 2009), p. 16.

54.
 See Victor B. Saenz, “The Vanishing Latino Male in Higher Education,”
Journal of Hispanic Higher Education
8, no. 1 (2009), pp. 54–89. See also Jerlando F. Jackson, “African-American Males in Education: Endangered or Ignored?,”
The Teachers College Record
108, no. 2 (February 2006), pp. 201–205. See also Arizona State University Center for Community Development and Civil Rights, “Pathways to Prevention: The Latino Male Dropout Crisis” (2007).

55.
 John Michael Lee Jr. and Tafaya Ransom,
The Educational Experience of Young Men of Color: A Review of Research, Pathways and Progress
(New York: College Board Advocacy and Policy Center, June 2011), p. 50.

56.
 Pryor, Hurtado, DeAngelo, Palucki Blake, and Tran,
The American Freshman: National Norms, Fall 2010
, pp. 43, 67. Data comes from number of respondents who answered “A or A+” to the question “What was your average grade in high school?”

57.
 Judith Kleinfeld,
Five Powerful Strategies for Connecting Boys to Schools
, paper for White House Conference on Helping America's Youth, Indianapolis, IN (June 6, 2006), pp. 1–2.

58.
 Corbett, Hill, and St. Rose,
Where the Girls Are: The Facts About Gender Equity in Education
, p. 9.

59.
 Colleen Leahey, “Update: Fortune 500 Women CEOs Hits a Record 20,”
Fortune
, July 18, 2012,
http://postcards.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2012/07/18/fortune-500-women-ceos-2/
(accessed January 24, 2013). Library of Congress, “Members of the US Congress,”
http://beta.congress.gov/members?pageSize=25&Legislative_Source=Member+Profiles&Congress=113th+Congress+%282013-2014%29
(accessed January 22, 2013); Martha S. West and John W. Curtis, “AAUP Faculty Gender Equity Statistics, 2005,”
American Association of University Professors
,
www.aaup.org/NR/rdonlyres/63396944-44BE-4ABA-9815-5792D93856F1/0/AAUPGenderEquityIndicators2006.pdf
(accessed April 25, 2012);
www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.t16.htm
; Bureau of Labor Statistics, Economic News Release, January 4, 2014; James J. Stephan, “Census of State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 2005,”
Bureau of Justice Statistics
, October 2008,
www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/csfcf05.pdf
(accessed April 25, 2012).

60.
 “An Analysis of Reasons for the Disparity in Wages Between Men and Women,” CONSAD Research Group, available at
www.consad.com/content/reports/Gender%20Wage%20Gap%20Final%20Report.pdf
(accessed March 9, 2012).

61.
 Midwest Pharmacy Workforce Research Consortium,
2009 National Pharmacies Workplace Survey
(Alexandria, VA: Pharmacy Manpower Project, 2010).

62.
 Eduardo Porter, “Motherhood Still a Cause of Pay Inequality,”
New York Times
, June 12, 2012,
www.nytimes.com/2012/06/13/business/economy/motherhood-still-a-cause-of-pay-inequality.html?_r=1
(accessed June 20, 2012).

63.
 AAUW,
Behind the Pay Gap
, 2007, p. 18. Buried in the report is this statement: “After accounting for all factors known to affect wages, about one-quarter of the gap remains unexplained and
may
be attributed to discrimination” (emphasis added). As Steve Chapman noted in
Reason
, “Another way to put it is that three-quarters of the gap clearly has innocent causes—and that we actually don't know whether discrimination accounts for the rest,”
http://reason.com/archives/2010/08/19/the-truth-about-the-pay-gap
(accessed June 20, 2012).

64.
 Ibid., p. 3.

65.
 National Organization for Women, “Women Deserve Equal Pay,”
www.now.org/issues/economic/factsheet.html
(accessed June 20, 2012).

66.
 Kevin Wack and Beth Quinby, “Boys in Jeopardy at School,”
Portland Press
Herald
, March 18, 2010,
www.pressherald.com/archive/boys-in-jeopardy-at-school_2008-02-07.html
(accessed January 25, 2013).

67.
 Ibid.

68.
 Tom Mortenson, “What's Wrong with Guys?,”
Postsecondary Education Opportunity
39, article 1 (September 1995),
www.postsecondary.org/articlesyearlist.asp?cat5=%271995%27#
(accessed June 20, 2012).

69.
 Scott Jaschik, “Is There a Crisis in Education of Males?,” insidehighered.com, May 21, 2008,
www.insidehighered.com/news/2008/05/21/gender
(accessed June 20, 2012).

70.
 US Department of Health and Human Services, “Secretary Shalala Unveils New Girl Power!–Girl Scouts Partnership,” news release, June 23, 1997.

71.
 According to the book description, Pipher's
Reviving Ophelia
spent three years on the
New York Times
bestseller list.

72.
 William C. Symonds, Robert B. Schwartz, and Ronald Ferguson,
Pathways to Prosperity: Meeting the Challenge of Preparing Young Americans for the 21st Century
(Pathways to Prosperity Project, Harvard Graduate School of Education, February 2011), p. 2.

73.
 Ibid.

74.
 Michael Greenstone and Adam Looney, “Trends: Reduced Earnings for Men in America,”
The Milken Institute Review
(3rd qtr., 2011), p. 8,
www.milkeninstitute.org/publications/publications.taf?function=detail&ID=38801273&cat=MIR
(accessed June 20, 2012).

75.
 Ibid., p. 14.

76.
 Mark Mather, “In US, a Sharp Increase in Young Men Living at Home,” Population Reference Bureau, September 2011,
www.prb.org/articles/2011/us-young-adults-living-at-home.aspx
(accessed June 15, 2011).

77.
 The Coalition includes the AAUW and the National Women's Law Center.

78.
 National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education (NCWGE),
Title IX at 40: Working to Ensure Gender Equity in Education
(Washington, DC: NCWGE, 2012), p. 30. Available at
www.ncwge.org/PDF/TitleIXat40.pdf
(accessed July 11, 2012).

79.
 Ibid., p. 35.

80.
 Linda Hallman, “Strength in Numbers.”
AAUW Outlook
(Washington, DC: AAUW Publications, Spring/Summer 2008), p. 13.

81.
 William Brozo and Richard Whitmire, “Boys Aren't Learning to Read—and It's a Global Problem,”
New York Daily News
, December 20, 2010,
http://articles.nydailynews.com/2010-12-20/news/27084903_1_reading-literacy-skills-boys
(accessed June 20, 2012).