The Undivided Past (43 page)

    1.
Matthew 25:31–46.

    2.
P. Brown,
The World of Late Antiquity from Marcus Aurelius to Mohammad
(London, 1971), pp. 54–55.

    3.
A. Pagden,
Worlds at War: The 2,500-Year Struggle Between East and West
(Oxford, 2008), pp. 124–27.

    4.
R. Lane Fox,
Pagans and Christians
(Harmondsworth, 1996), pp. 561–71; H. Katouzian,
The Persians: Ancient, Medieval and Modern Iran
(London, 2009), pp. 49–58.

    5.
M. E. Marty,
When Faiths Collide
(Oxford, 2005), p. 159; W. Lippman,
A Preface to Morals
(New York, 1929), p. 76; Matthew 12:30.

    6.
Matthew 25:35.

    7.
Marty,
When Faiths Collide
, p. 134.

    8.
J. Wolffe, introduction to J. Wolffe, ed.,
Religion in History: Conflict, Conversion and Coexistence
(Manchester, 2004), pp. 5–6.

    9.
H. R. Trevor-Roper,
The Rise of Christian Europe
(London, 1965).

  10.
J. G. A. Pocock,
Barbarism and Religion
, vol. 3,
The First Decline and Fall
(Cambridge, 2003), pp. 71–74; G. Clark,
Christianity and Roman Society
(Cambridge, 2004), pp. 9–10.

  11.
G. A. Bonnard, ed.,
Edward Gibbon: Memoirs of My Life
(London, 1966 ed.), p. 147; Pocock,
First Decline and Fall
, p. 497.

  12.
J. W. Swain,
Edward Gibbon the Historian
(London, 1966), pp. 62–70; P. Brown, “Gibbon’s Views on Culture and Society in the Fifth and Sixth Centuries,” in G. W. Bowersock, J. Clive, and S. R. Graubard, eds.,
Edward Gibbon and the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
(Cambridge, Mass., 1977), pp. 43–45.

  13.
R. Porter,
Gibbon
(London, 1988), pp. 1, 112–15.

  14.
D. P. Jordan,
Gibbon and His Roman Empire
(Urbana, Ill., 1971), p. 106.

  15.
Porter,
Gibbon
, pp. 105–6; J. W. Burrow,
Gibbon
(Oxford, 1985), pp. 52–55.

  16.
Porter,
Gibbon
, p. 119.

  17.
Burrow,
Gibbon
, p. 53.

  18.
P. B. Craddock,
Edward Gibbon, Luminous Historian, 1772–1794
(Baltimore, 1989), pp. 60–63.

  19.
Porter,
Gibbon
, pp. 121–23.

  20.
L. Gossman,
The Empire Unpossess’d: An Essay on Gibbon’s “Decline and Fall”
(Cambridge, 1981), pp. 33, 47; Jordan,
Gibbon and His Roman Empire
, p. 106; Burrow,
Gibbon
, p. 51.

  21.
Porter,
Gibbon
, pp. 125–29.

  22.
Ibid., p. 117.

  23.
Jordan,
Gibbon and His Roman Empire
, pp. 106, 112; Porter,
Gibbon
, p. 115; Burrow,
Gibbon
, p. 63.

  24.
Swain,
Gibbon the Historian
, p. 66; Craddock,
Gibbon, Luminous Historian
, p. 63.

  25.
J. G. A. Pocock,
Barbarism and Religion
, vol. 1,
The Enlightenments of Edward Gibbon, 1737–1764
(Cambridge, 1999), p. 283; Porter,
Gibbon
, p. 116; Bonnard,
Edward Gibbon
, p. 136; Burrow,
Gibbon
, p. 66.

  26.
Burrow,
Gibbon
, p. 53.

  27.
Clark,
Christianity and Roman Society
, p. 35; J. Huskinson, “Pagan and
Christian in the Third to Fifth Centuries,” in Wolffe,
Religion in History
, p. 15.

  28.
R. A. Markus,
The End of Ancient Christianity
(Cambridge, 1990), pp. 21–22; Burrow,
Gibbon
, p. 56.

  29.
Jordan,
Gibbon and His Roman Empire
, p. 107.

  30.
Porter,
Gibbon
, pp. 124–28.

  31.
Lane Fox,
Pagans and Christians
, p. 592; Brown,
World of Late Antiquity
, p. 104.

  32.
B. Caseau, “Sacred Landscapes,” in G. W. Bowersock, P. Brown, and O. Grabar, eds.,
Interpreting Late Antiquity: Essays on the Postclassical World
(Cambridge, Mass., 2001), pp. 34–35; C. Kelley, “Empire Building,” in ibid., pp. 184–85; M. Beard, J. North, and S. Price,
Religions of Rome
, vol. 1,
A History
(Cambridge, 1998), pp. 364–75; Lane Fox,
Pagans and Christians
, pp. 609–62; Clark,
Christianity and Roman Society
, p. 14.

  33.
A. Cameron,
The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity, AD 395–600
(London, 1993), pp. 7–8; M. Vessey, “The Demise of the Christian Writer and the Re-Making of ‘Late Antiquity’: From H.-I. Marrou’s
Saint Augustine
(1938) to Peter Brown’s
Holy Man
(1983),”
Journal of Early Christian Studies
6 (1998): 377–411.

  34.
P. Brown, “Christianization and Religious Conflict,” in A. Cameron and P. Garnsey, eds.,
The Cambridge Ancient History
, vol. 13,
The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425
(Cambridge, 1998), p. 641.

  35.
Wolffe, introduction to
Religion in History
, pp. 6–8; Beard, North, and Price,
Religions of Rome
, p. 388.

  36.
Clark,
Christianity and Roman Society
, pp. 38–53; G. W. Bowersock,
Martyrdom and Rome
(Cambridge, 1995), pp. 2, 18, 41–43.

  37.
Huskinson, “Pagan and Christian,” pp. 21–22.

  38.
K. Shelton,
The Esquiline Treasure
(London, 1988), pp. 72–75.

  39.
B. Caseau, “Sacred Landscapes,” pp. 29–30.

  40.
J. Sandwell, “Christian Self-Definition in the Fourth Century AD: John Chrysostom on Christianity, Imperial Rule and the City,” in J. Sandwell and J. Huskinson, eds.,
Culture and Society in Later Roman Antioch
(Oxford, 2003), pp. 35–58.

  41.
Huskinson, “Pagan and Christian,” pp. 29–31.

  42.
Brown, “Christianization and Religious Conflict, pp. 632–35; Lane Fox,
Pagans and Christians
, pp. 586, 607–8; Markus,
End of Ancient Christianity
, p. 28; Clark,
Christianity and Roman Society
, p. 10.

  43.
Huskinson, “Pagan and Christian,” p. 35.

  44.
Introduction to Bowersock, Brown, and Grabar,
Interpreting Late Antiquity
, p. xi.

  45.
Clark,
Christianity and Roman Society
, pp. 11, 14.

  46.
Brown,
World of Late Antiquity
, pp. 70–72; Markus,
End of Ancient Christianity
, p. 110.

  47.
Clark,
Christianity and Roman Society
, p. 1; Cameron,
Mediterranean World
, p. 144. See also R. Bartlett, “Reflections on Paganism and Christianity in Medieval Europe,”
Proceedings of the British Academy
101 (1998): 55–76.

  48.
Porter,
Gibbon
, pp. 85, 132.

  49.
ibid., pp. 4, 85, 104–7, 144–45; Burrow,
Gibbon
, pp. 49–51; D. J. Geanakopolos, “Edward Gibbon and Byzantine Ecclesiastical History,”
Church History
35 (1966): 170–85; S. Runciman, “Gibbon and Byzantium,” in Bowersock, Clive, and Graubard,
Gibbon and the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
, pp. 53–60.

  50.
Porter,
Gibbon
, pp. 130–31; Burrow,
Gibbon
, pp. 77–78.

  51.
A. Cameron, “Thinking with Byzantium,”
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
, 6th. ser., 21 (2011): 54.

  52.
R. W. Bulliet,
The Case for Islamo-Christian Civilization
(New York, 2004), pp. 1–45.

  53.
Brown,
World of Late Antiquity
, p. 194; R. Fletcher,
The Cross and the Crescent: The Dramatic Story of the Earliest Encounters Between Christians and Muslims
(London, 2004), pp. 11–15, 42–44.

  54.
R. Crowley,
Empires of the Sea: The Final Battle for the Mediterranean, 1521–1580
(London, 2008); B. Rogerson,
The Last Crusaders: The Hundred-Year Battle for the Centre of the World
(London, 2009).

  55.
N. Housley,
Fighting for the Cross: Crusading to the Holy Land
(London, 2009), pp. 208–37; B. J. Kaplan,
Divided by Faith: Religious Conflict and the Practice of Toleration in Early Modern Europe
(Cambridge, Mass., 2007), pp. 300–12.

  56.
J. Riley-Smith,
The Crusades, Christianity and Islam
(New York, 2008), pp. 1–7; H. Kennedy,
The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In
(London, 2007), p. 50; S. O’Shea,
Sea of Faith: Islam and Christianity in the Medieval Mediterranean World
(London, 2006), p. 173.

  57.
A. Wheatcroft,
Infidels: The Conflict Between Christendom and Islam, 638–2002
(London, 2003), pp. 275–309.

  58.
H. Pirenne,
Muhammad and Charlemagne
(London, 1939), pp. 151–53, 165–66, 183–85, 284.

  59.
Wheatcroft,
Infidels
, pp. xxxi, 5, 39, 48, 59, 157, 309. See, more recently, for a similar argument, A. Wheatcroft,
The Enemy at the Gate: Habsburgs, Ottomans and the Battle for Europe
(London, 2008).

  60.
Pagden,
Worlds at War
, pp. 1–31, 137–38, 171, 176–77.

  61.
Wheatcroft,
Infidels
, p. 314.

  62.
Ibid., pp. xxxi, 5–6, 38, 202; Pagden,
Worlds at War
, pp. xiv, xx.

  63.
D. MacCulloch,
The Reformation: A History
(New York, 2004), p. 676; A. Walsham,
Charitable Hatred: Tolerance and Intolerance in England, 1500–1700
(Manchester, 2009), p. 238.

  64.
Fletcher,
Cross and the Crescent
, pp. 18, 20; R. Bonney,
Jihad: From Qur’an to bin Laden
(London, 2004), pp. 1–14, 395–423; O’Shea,
Sea of Faith
, pp. 15, 171–72; Z. Karabell,
People of the Book: The Forgotten History of Islam and the West
(London, 2007), pp. 4, 20, 26.

  65.
H. Goddard,
Christians and Muslims: From Double Standards to Mutual Understanding
(London, 1995), pp. 103–24.

  66.
O’Shea,
Sea of Faith
, pp. 111, 269.

  67.
Karabell,
People of the Book
, pp. 181–82.

  68.
Ibid., pp. 82–83; I. Almond,
Two Faiths, One Banner: When Muslims Marched with Christians across Europe’s Battlegrounds
(London, 2009), esp. pp. 8–12.

  69.
O’Shea,
Sea of Faith
, pp. 141, 156; T. S. Ashbridge, “The ‘Crusader’ Community at Antioch: The Impact of Interaction with Byzantium and Islam,”
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
, 6th ser., 9 (1999): 319–21. For another example of how polarized Crusading identities were undercut, see P. E. Chevedden, “The Islamic View and the Christian View of the Crusades: A New Synthesis,”
History
93 (2008): 181–200.

  70.
D. M. Varisco,
Reading Orientalism: Said and the Unsaid
(Seattle, 2007), p. 123; Rogerson,
Last Crusaders
, p. 4.

  71.
Fletcher,
Cross and the Crescent
, pp. 20–21; N. Matar, “John Locke and the Turbanned Nations,”
Journal of Islamic Studies
2 (1991): 67–77; Karabell,
People of the Book
, pp. 158–79; O’Shea,
Sea of Faith
, pp. 277–83; M. Mazower,
Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews, 1430–1950
(New York, 2005), p. 24.

  72.
Fletcher,
Cross and the Crescent
, pp. 60–65; Karabell,
People of the Book
, pp. 6, 101–14; O’Shea,
Sea of Faith
, p. 233.

  73.
F. Braudel,
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II
, 2 vols. (London, 1972), vol. 2, pp. 757–835; D. Abulafia,
The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean
(London, 2011), pp. 258–70.

  74.
Fletcher,
Cross and the Crescent
, pp. 38–39, 57–58, 116–30; J. Lyons,
The House of Wisdom: How Arabs Transformed Western Civilization
(London, 2009), pp. 4–5.

  75.
W. Dalrymple, “The Truth About Muslims,”
New York Review of Books
, November 4, 2004, p. 32; J. H. Elliott, “A Question of Coexistence,”
New York Review of Books
, August 13, 2009, pp. 38–39, 42.

  76.
O’Shea,
Sea of Faith
, pp. 131–40; M. R. Menocal,
The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain
(New York, 2002), pp. 17–49; H. Kennedy,
The Court
of the Caliphs: The Rise and Fall of Islam’s Greatest Dynasty
(London, 2004), esp. pp. 112–44.

  77.
J. Mather,
Pashas: Britons in the Middle East, 1550–1850
(London, 2009), pp. 89–99, 166–67; M. Greene,
A Shared World: Christians and Muslims in the Early Modern Mediterranean
(Princeton, 2000), esp. pp. 3–12; A. Lebor,
City of Oranges: Arabs and Jews in Jaffa
(London, 2006), pp. 11–14; P. Mansel,
Levant: Splendour and Catastrophe on the Mediterranean
(London, 2010), pp. 1–3, 356; D. Quataert,
The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922
(Cambridge, 2000), pp. 172–79; Mazower,
Salonica
, pp. 10, 23.

  78.
D. Howard,
Venice and the East
(London, 2000); Institut du Monde Arabe,
Venise et l’Orient, 828–1797
(Paris, 2006); L. Jardine and J. Brotton,
Global Interests: Renaissance Art Between East and West
(London, 2000); G. MacLean, ed.,
Re-Orienting the Renaissance: Cultural Exchanges with the East
(London, 2005).