The Trojan War (24 page)

57 prison or mutilation: Heimpel,
Letters to the King of Mari,
27 161, p. 467; A.486+, p. 508; 26 282, p. 283; 26 257, p. 276.

58 to follow on foot while they rode in their chariots: As Ahmose son of Abana followed three pharaohs in the 1500s
B.C.
; see Miriam Lichtheim, “The Autobiography of Ahmose Son of Abana,” in
Ancient Egyptian Literature: A Book of Readings,
vol. 2,
The New Kingdom
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), 11–15, esp. 12.

59 “sacker of cities”: For example,
Odyssey
8.3.

60 Attarissiya: See Beckman, “Indictment of Madduwatta,” in
Hittite Diplomatic Texts
, 153–60.

61 Piyamaradu: See note above on Tawagalawa.

62 Linear B tablets refer: For the points in this paragraph, see Thomas G. Palaima, “Mycenaean Militarism from a Textual Perspective: Onomastics in Context:
Lawos, Damos, Klewos,”
in Robert Laffineur, ed.,
Polemos: Le Contexte Guerrier en Égée à l'âge du Bronze
, vol. 2,
in Aegaeum
19 (1999): 367–80.

63 “the infantry and the chariotry”: See, e.g., Gary Beckman, “Letter of Hattusili III of Hatti to Kadashman-Enlil II of Babylon,” in
Hittite Diplomatic Texts,
23 §7, p. 141; Itamar Singer, “Mursili's ‘Fourth' Plague Prayer to the Assembly of Gods (Arranged by Localities),” in
Hittite Prayers
(Leiden: Brill, 2002), 13 §11, p. 67.

64 chain of beacon fire messages: Aeschylus,
Agamemnon
293.

65 the tale of Iphigenia is preserved in other sources: It is in the Epic Cycle, in the
Cypria.

66 “priestess of the winds”: Ventris and Chadwick,
Documents in Mycenaean Greek,
127, 304.

67 the galley: Ugarit also had a navy (as did Egypt and the Minoans) and it is possible that it too had galleys, perhaps even before the Greeks. See Elisha Linder, “Naval Warfare in the El-Amarna Age,” in D. J. Blackman, ed.,
Marine Archaeology,
Proceedings of the Twentythird [sic] Symposium of the Colston Research Society Held in the University of Bristol April 4th to 8th, 1971 (London: Archon Books, 1973), 317–25; Paul Johnstone,
The Sea-Craft of Prehistory,
prepared for publication by Seán McGrail (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980), 79–82.

68 lion, griffin, or snake: The Minoans decorated their ships thus in the Acrotiri frescoes (pre–ca. 1625
B.C.
); see L. Kontorli-Papadopoulou, “Fresco-Fighting: Scenes as Evidence for Warlike Activities in the LBA Aegean,”
Polemos,
vol. 2, p. 333.

69 “get there firstest with the mostest”: Confederate cavalry General Nathan Bedford Forrest.

70 the whip and the stick: Steve Vinson,
The Nile Boatman at Work
(Mainz: von Zabern, 1998), 132.

71 sail weavers: F. Tiboni, “Weaving and Ancient Sails: Structural Changes to Ships as a Consequence of New Weaving Technology in the Mediterranean Late Bronze Age,”
Nautical Archaeology
34:1 (2005): 127–30.

72 It took six months: J. R. Steffy, as cited in T. G. Palaima, “Maritime Matters in the Linear B Tablets,”
Thalassa: L'Égée Prehistorique et la Mer,
in
Aegaeum
7 (1991): 288.

73 “Famous Ship” and “Fine Sailing”: “Nausikles” and “Euplous” in Ventris and Chadwick,
Documents in Mycenaean Greek,
95, 97; Palaima, “Maritime Matters,” 284.

74 Ugarit was said in 1187
B.C.
: J. Hoftijzer and W. H. Van Soldt, “Appendix: Texts from Ugarit Pertaining to Seafaring,” in S. Wachsmann,
Seagoing Ships and Seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant
(College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1998), 336 = M. Dietrich, O. Loretz, and J. Sanmartín,
The Cuneiform Alphabetic Texts from Ugarit, Ras Ibn Hani and Other Places: (KTU: second, enlarged edition)
2 (Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 1995), 47.

75 “who knock me far off my path”:
Iliad
2.132–33.

76 Pharaonic Egypt used merchant ships: Donald B. Redford,
The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III
(Leiden: Brill, 2003), 204–5; James K. Hoffmeier, “Military: Materiel,” in Donald B. Redford, ed.,
Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt,
vol. 2 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 410.

77 found fruits on the trees: John A. Wilson, “The Asiatic Campaigns of Thut-Mose III, Subsequent Campaigns: Fifth Campaign,” in J. B. Pritchard,
Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament,
revised edition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969), 239.

78 “Then launch”:
Iliad
1.478–82.

79 “cast a glance”: Th. P. J. Van den Hout, “Apology of Hattusili III,” in Hallo, ed.,
Context of Scripture,
vol. 1, p. 200.

80 “although they inhabited the lowlands they were not sea-goers”: Thuc. 1.7.

81 “knew how to make, with his hands”:
Iliad
5.60–61.

82 “Thy father's skill, O Phereclus! was thine”:
Iliad
5.60–64.

83 “well-balanced ships”:
Iliad
5.62.

84 “the border of the sea”: Th. P. J. Van den Hout, “The Proclamation of Telepinu,” in Hallo, ed.,
Context of Scripture,
vol. 1, p. 194.

85 “filled the streets with widows”:
Iliad
5.642.

86 Ammurapi: Hoftijzer and Van Soldt, “Appendix: Texts from Ugarit,” RS 1.1, RS 20.238, pp. 343–44.

87 “horse-nourishing”: See, e.g.,
Iliad
2.287.

88 “Behold, the troops and chariots”: Itamar Singer, “Treaty Between Mursili and Duppi-Tesub,” in Hallo, ed.,
Context of Scripture,
vol. 2, p. 97.

89 Shuppiluliuma II: Harry A. Hoffner Jr., “The Hittite Conquest of Cyprus: Two Inscriptions of Suppiluliuma II,” in Hallo, ed.,
Context of Scripture,
vol. 1, p. 193.

90 “Nations on nations fill”:
Iliad
2.808–10.

91 the historian Thucydides: Thuc. 1.11.1.

92 Hittite king told his young Babylonian counterpart: A. L. Oppenheim, “A Letter from the Hittite King,” in
Letters from Mesopotamia
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), 145–46.

93 the crushing embrace of an enemy siege: Houwink ten Cate, “Annals of Hattusilis I,” 66.

94 held Priam and his people closer:
Iliad
4.45.

95 “iron heart”:
Iliad
24.521.

96 No one in the region was more blessed:
Iliad
24.546.

97 “border guards” and “watchmen”: See, e.g., Beckman, “Indictment of Madduwatta,” in
Hittite Diplomatic Texts,
29, 157.

98 “Little Gnat”: J. M. Sasson,
The Military Establishments at Mari,
no. 3 of
Studia Pohl
(Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1969), 38.

99 “coastal watchers”: Ventris and Chadwick,
Documents in Mycenaean Greek,
PY 56, p. 189; cf. p. 544.

100 no, two hundred!:
Iliad
8.228–34.

101 Halizones from Halube: Watkins, “Troy and the Trojans,” in Mellink, ed.,
Troy and the Trojan War
, 52–55.

102 Alaksandu Treaty: Beckman, “Treaty Between Muwattalli II of Hatti and Alaksandu of Wilusa,” in
Hittite Diplomatic Texts,
87–93.

103 repay each gift with another gift:
Odyssey
24.284–85.

104 stripped his kingdom of silver: Miriam Lichtheim, “The Kadesh Battle Inscriptions of Rameses II: The Poem,” in
Ancient Egyptian Literature,
vol. 2, p. 64.

105 “Such clamors rose”:
Iliad
4.437–38.

106 fought by national unit, as the Greeks did:
Iliad
2.362.

107 “happy with words”: Heimpel,
Letters to the King of Mari,
26 366, p. 321.

108 Hana warriors: Heimpel,
Letters to the King of Mari,
A.486+, p. 507.

109 “Death is the worst”:
Iliad
15.494–99.

110 Hittite soldiers: Billie Jean Collins, “The First Soldiers' Oath” and “The Second Soldiers' Oath,” in Hallo, ed.,
Context of Scripture,
vol. 1, pp. 165–68.

111 “Ah! would the gods”:
Iliad
4.288–89.

112 “Inglorious Argives!”:
Iliad
4.242–43.

113 Storm God of the Army: Beckman, “Treaty Between Muwattalli II of Hatti and Alaksandu of Wilusa,” in
Hittite Diplomatic Texts
, §20, p. 92; H. Craig Melchert, ed.,
The Luwians,
vol. 68 of
Handbuch der Orientalistik
(Leiden: Brill, 2003), 221.

114 pen them up like pigs in a sty: A Hittite expression; see Van den Hout, “Apology of Hattusili III,” 203.

115 “Bitter cries”: J. S. Cooper,
The Curse of Agade
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), ll. 166–69, p. 59.

116 “horses of the sea”:
Odyssey
4.708.

117 as an ancient Athenian general would note: Thuc. 4.10.5.

118 a style mentioned in Homer:
Iliad
10.261.

119 “swift-footed”: See, e.g.,
Iliad
1.58; cf. the discussion in Robert Drews,
The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe c. 1200
BC
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), 141–47, 211.

120 “send me stallions!”: Adapted from Beckman, “Letter from Hattusili III of Hatti to Kadasman-Enlil II of Babylon,” in
Hittite Diplomatic Texts,
§17, p. 143.

121 he reared some of his horses:
Iliad
24.279–80.

122 Amenhotep II: Miriam Lichtheim, “The Great Sphinx Stela of Amenhotep II at Giza: The Narration,” in
Ancient Egyptian Literature,
vol. 2, p. 42.

123 “a dispersed battle”:
Iliad
15.329, 510.

124 “how impossible it is”: Thuc. 4.10.5.

125 Phrontis son of Onetor:
Odyssey
3.279–83.

126 half its length up onto the beach:
Odyssey
13.113–15.

127 Euphorbus son of Panthous:
Iliad
16.811; cf. 3.146.

128 lion, bulls, or falcons: Thera-fresco warships are painted with hunting lions as emblems. See Nanno Marinatos,
Art and Religion in Thera: Reconstructing a Bronze Age Society
(Athens: D. I. Mathioulakis, 1994), 54. “Wild Bull” and “Falcon” are among the recorded names of Egyptian warships; see Lichtheim, “The Autobiography of Ahmose Son of Abana,” in
Ancient Egyptian Literature,
vol. 2, pp. 12, 14.

129 Shalmaneser I: A. K. Grayson, “Shalmaneser I,”
Assyrian Royal Inscriptions,
vol. 1,
From the Beginning to Ashur-resha-ishi
(Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1972), l. 536, p. 80.

130 “With shouts incessant”:
Iliad
13.833–37.

131 Protesilaus: Possibly just a symbolic name, since in Greek it means “First to Land.”

132 Pharaoh Rameses II killed so many: Lichtheim, “The Kadesh Battle Inscriptions of Rameses II: The Poem,” in
Ancient Egyptian Literature,
vol. 2, p. 69.

133 Egyptian sculpted relief: At Medinet Habu, 20th Dynasty, Rameses III (1184–1153
B.C.
); see Yigael Yadin,
The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands in the Light of Archaeological Discovery,
vol. 2 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1963), 340–41.

134 even lacked sandals: Miriam Lichtheim, “Papyrus Lansing: A School-book,” in
Ancient Egyptian Literature,
vol. 2, p. 171.