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Authors: Richard J. Evans

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237
. Riess,
Die Anf̈nge
, 281-90; Karl Heinz Roth and G̈tz Aly, ‘Das “Gesetz ̈ber die Sterbehilfe bei unheilbar Kranken”: Protokolle der Diskussion ̈ber die Legalisierung der nationalsozialistischen Anstaltsmorde in den Jahren 1938-1941’, in Karl Heinz Roth (ed.),
Erfassung zur Vernichtung: Von der Sozialhygiene zum ‘Gesetz ̈ber Sterbehilfe’
(Berlin, 1984), 101-79, at 104-11; Friedlander,
The Origins
, 39-44; Burleigh,
Death
, 93-100; Klee,
‘Euthanasie’
, 77-81; Longerich,
Politik
, 234-5. The chronology of these events is reviewed exhaustively in Ulf Schmidt, ‘Reassessing the Beginning of the “Euthanasia” Programme’,
German History
, 17 (1999), 543-50, also effectively disposing of standard accounts of the name and case-history of the baby in Leipzig whose condition gave Hitler the pretext for launching the action. See also Ulf Schmidt,
Karl Brandt: The Nazi Doctor: Medicine and Power in the Third Reich
(London, 2007), 117-23 (for the case) and 123 - 46 (for the launching of the programme).

238
. Roth and Aly, ‘Das “Gesetz” ’, 112 - 17; Burleigh,
Death
, 98 - 9; Friedlander,
The Origins
, 44 - 6.

239
. Ibid., 67-8; Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 85-91; Christian Ganssm̈ller,
Die Erbgesundheitspolitik des Dritten Reiches: Planung, Durchf̈hrung und Durchsetzung
(Cologne, 1987), 158 - 70.

240
. Klee,
‘Euthanasie’
, 80 - 81.

241
. Burleigh,
Death
, 99 - 101; Klee,
‘Euthanasie’
, 82 - 95; Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 238 - 45, 295-307; Ganssm̈ller,
Die Erbgesundheitspolitik
, 150-55. For Binding and Hoche, see Evans,
The Coming of the Third Reich
, 145.

242
. G̈tz Aly, ‘Der Mord an behinderten Hamburger Kindern zwischen 1939 und 1945’, in Angelika Ebbinghaus
et al
. (eds.),
Heilen und Vernichten im Mustergau Hamburg: Bev̈lkerungs- und Gesundheitspolitik im Dritten Reich
(Hamburg, 1984), 147 - 55; Burleigh,
Death
, 101 - 11; Schmuhl, ‘Die Patientenmorde’, 302; idem,
Rassenhygiene
, 182 - 9.

243
. Quoted in Friedlander,
The Origins
, 50.

244
. Aly, ‘Der Mord’, 151; Schmuhl,
Rassenhygiene
, 188 - 9.

245
. Quoted in Aly, ‘Der Mord’, 148; see also Burleigh,
Death
, 100; Schmuhl, ‘Die Patientenmorde’, 305 - 6, and Gerhard Baader, ‘Heilen und Vernichten: Die Mentaliẗt der NS-̈rzte’, in Ebbinghaus and D̈rner (eds.),
Vernichten und Heilen
, 275 - 94.

246
. Friedlander,
The Origins
, 68 - 9; Ganssm̈ller,
Die Erbgesundheitspolitik
, 155 - 7.

247
. Good basic overview in Armin Trus,
‘. . . vom Leid erl̈sen’: Zur Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen ‘Euthanasie’-Verbrechen: Texte und Materialien für Unterricht und Studium
(Frankfurt am Main, 1995), 91-7; more detail in Schmuhl,
Rassenhygiene
, 190 - 95.

248
. Friedlander,
The Origins
, 65 - 6; Burleigh,
Death
, 113 - 14.

249
. Friedlander,
The Origins
, 86-7; Schmuhl,
Rassenhygiene
, 195-7; Widmann quoted in Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 69.

250
. Riess,
Die Anf̈nge
, 355 - 8.

251
. Friedlander,
The Origins
, 86 - 94.

252
. Ibid., 73-84; Klee,
‘Euthanasie’
, 115-23; Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 92-104; Burleigh,
Death
, 128 - 9.

253
. Schmuhl,
Rassenhygiene
, 202 - 3, 215 - 17.

254
. Friedlander,
The Origins
, 83-5; Klee,
‘Euthanasie’
, 174-90; Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 105 - 16, 184 - 90; Burleigh,
Death
, 135 - 46.

255
. Quoted in Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 125 (box); see also, for the procedure, Friedlander,
The Origins
, 93 - 110.

256
. Klee,
‘Euthanasie’
, 149 - 52; Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 149 - 59; Burleigh,
Death
, 146 - 9; Schmuhl,
Rassenhygiene
, 203 - 8.

257
. Friedlander,
The Origins
, 85.

258
. Wirth quoted in Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 124-5; also more generally ibid., 119-42; Friedlander,
The Origins
, 102 - 6; and Burleigh,
Death
, 149 - 57.

259
. Friedlander,
The Origins
, 109-10. See also Johannes Tuchel (ed.),
‘Kein Recht auf Leben’: Beitr̈ge und Dokumente zur Entrechtung und Vernichtung ‘lebensunwerten Lebens’ im Nationalsozialismus
(Berlin, 1984), and Roland M̈ller (ed.),
Krankenmord im Nationalsozialismus: Grafeneck und die ‘Euthanasie’ in S̈dwestdeutschland
(Stuttgart, 2001), a collection of conference papers.

260
. Burleigh,
Death
, 169 - 73.

261
. All quoted in Klee,
‘Euthanasie’
, 310; see also Schmuhl,
Rassenhygiene
, 207-11.

262
. Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 209; Friedlander,
The Origins
, 116-21; Lothar Gruchmann, ‘Ein unbequemer Amtsrichter im Dritten Reich: Aus den Personalakten des Dr. Lothar Kreyssig’,
VfZ
32 (1984), 462-88.

263
. Klee,
‘Euthanasie’
, 255-8; see more generally Nowak,
‘Euthanasie’ und Sterilisierung
.

264
. Shirer,
Berlin Diary
, 398-401, 447-51.

265
. Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 151-62 (reprinting the entire memorandum); Klee,
‘Euthanasie’
, 285.

266
. Quoted in Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 213-14.

267
. Friedlander,
The Origins
, 113-14; Burleigh,
Death
, 166-9; Ganssm̈ller,
Die Erbgesundheitspolitik
, 170-72; Schmuhl,
Rassenhygiene
, 312-46.

268
. Ulrich von Hassell,
The von Hassell Diaries: The Story of the Forces against Hitler inside Germany 1938-1944
(Boulder, Colo., 1994 [1946]), 150, 159, 165.

269
. Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 143.

270
. Klee,
‘Euthanasie’
, 278-85; Burleigh,
Death
, 167-8.

271
. Klee,
‘Euthanasie’
, 234-53.

272
. Beth A. Griech-Polelle,
Bishop von Galen: German Catholicism and National Socialism
(New Haven, Conn., 2002), 77; Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, 515 - 16.

273
. Ibid., 239.

274
. Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 167 - 8, 193.

275
. Ibid., 170 - 73; Griech-Polelle,
Bishop von Galen
, 76 - 7.

276
. Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 182-4; Burleigh,
Death
, 174-6; Griech-Polelle,
Bishop von Galen
, 76 - 8 (but quoting Burleigh’s words as though they were Faulhaber’s).

277
. Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 183.

278
. Ibid., 184. The emphasis in these various documents on the illegitimacy of killing the innocent reflected the long-held support of the Catholic Church and its lay organizations for the death penalty: see Richard J. Evans,
Rituals of Retribution: Capital Punishment in Germany 1600-1987
(Oxford, 1996), 76-7, 332-3, 336-8, 432-3, 604-6, 654-5, 711-14, 797-9.

279
. Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 193; overview in Schmuhl,
Rassenhygiene
, 346-54.

280
. Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 178-86, 82-3.

281
. Griech-Polelle,
Bishop von Galen
, 84-5, 186-96; Burleigh,
Death
, 176-8.

282
. Trus,
‘. . . vom Leid erl̈sen’
, 147-8.

283
. Griech-Polelle,
Bishop von Galen
, 86; Klee,
‘Euthanasie’
, 335-9.

284
. Joachim Kuropka (ed.),
Meldungen aus M̈nster, 1924-1944: Geheime und vertrauliche Berichte von Polizei, Gestapo, NSDAP und ihren Gliederungen, staatlicher Verwaltung, Gerichtsbarkeit und Wehrmacht ̈ber die politische und gesellschaftliche Situation in M̈nster
(M̈nster, 1992).

285
. Report in Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen
, IX. 3,175-8, also reprinted in Trus,
‘. . . vom Leid erl̈sen’
, 138-41. See also Griech-Polelle,
Bishop von Galen
, 86-93; Burleigh,
Death
, 209-19; Karl Ludwig Rost,
Sterilisation und Euthanasie im Film des ‘Dritten Reiches’: Nationalsozialistische Propaganda in ihrer Beziehung zu rassenhygienischen Massnahmen des NS-Staates
(Berlin, 1984), 166-8; and Kurt Nowak, ‘Widerstand, Zustimmung, Hinnahme: Das Verhalten der Bev̈lkerung zur “Euthanasie” ’, in Norbert Frei (ed.),
Medizin und Gesundheitspolitik in der NS-Zeit
(Munich, 1991), 235-51.

286
. Lothar Gruchmann, ‘Euthanasie und Justiz im Dritten Reich’,
VfZ
20 (1972), 235-79, at 278-9.

287
. Ganssm̈ller,
Die Erbgesundheitspolitik
, 173; Gruchmann, ‘Euthanasie’, 277.

288
. Burleigh,
Death
, 176-80, overstates the case against the Catholic Church; Friedlander,
The Origins
, 111-12, takes it more or less as read and credits public opinion rather than the Churches; Griech-Polelle,
Bish op von Galen
, 92-3, sums up the arguments judiciously, pointing out that Galen’s sermons were expressing in religious terms what public opinion felt more generally.

289
. Excellent analysis in Longerich,
Politik
, 241-2.

290
. Thus the arguments in Omer Bartov,
The Eastern Front 1941-1945: German Troops and the Barbarization of Warfare
(London, 1985); and idem,
Hitler’s Army
, dating these processes from the invasion of the Soviet Union onwards; see the critique in Rossino,
Hitler Strikes Poland
, 191, and the account of the many works that assume that the German war of racial extermination in the east only began in 1941 in B̈hler,
Auftakt
, 9-16.

291
. Tadeusz Piotrowski,
Poland’s Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces, and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947
(Jefferson, N.C., 1998); B̈hler,
Auftakt
, 241-7.

292
. Berndt and Strecker (eds.),
Polen
; Richard J. Evans (ed.),
Kneipengespr̈che im Kaiserreich: Die Stimmungsberichte der Hamburger Politischen Polizei 1892-1914
(Hamburg, 1989), 361-83.

293
. Hosenfeld,
‘Ich versuche’
, 292 (letter to son, 23 November 1939).

294
. Johannes Ḧrter (ed.),
Ein deutscher General an der Ostfront: Die Briefe und
Tagebücher des Gotthard Heinrici 1941/42
(Essen, 2001), 56 (letter to wife, 22 April 1941).

295
. Ibid., 56 (letter to wife, 25 April 1941).

296
. Ibid., 57 (letter to family, 30 April 1941).

297
. Ibid.

298
. Rossino,
Hitler Strikes Poland
, 121-43.

299
. Evans,
The Coming of the Third Reich
, 61.

300
. See Rossino,
Hitler Strikes Poland
, arguing against J̈rgen F̈rster, ‘Jewish Policies of the German Military, 1939-1942’, in Asher Cohen
et al
. (eds.),
The Shoah and the War
(New York, 1992), 53-71, at 56, and Umbreit,
Deutsche Miliẗrverwaltungen
, 137, 273.

Chapter 2
. FORTUNES OF WAR

1
. Roger Moorhouse,
Killing Hitler: The Third Reich and the Plots against the F̈hrer
(London, 2006), 36-58, is the most recent account. See also Peter Hoffmann,
Hitler’s Personal Security
(London, 1979), 105-11.

2
. Moorhouse,
Killing Hitler
, 50-53; Heinz Ḧhne,
The Order of the Death’s Head: The Story of Hitler’s SS
(London, 1972 [1966]), 264-6.

3
. Moorhouse,
Killing Hitler
, 43-50; Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 271-5.

4
. Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen
, III. 449: Bericht zur innenpolitischen Lage Nr. 15, 13 November 1939.

5
. Shirer,
Berlin Diary
, 194-5 (9 November 1939).

6
. Alan Bullock,
Hitler: A Study in Tyranny
(London, 1952), 522-3, claimed the Gestapo was responsible, as did Peter Padfield,
Himmler: Reichsf̈hrer-SS
(London, 1990), 283. See however Anton Hoch, ‘Das Attentat auf Hitler im M̈nchener B̈rgerbr̈ukeller 1939’,
VfZ
17 (1969), 383-413, and especially Lothar Gruchmann (ed.),
Autobiographie eines Attenẗters: Johann Georg Elser: Aussage zum Sprengstoffanschlag im B̈rgerbr̈ukeller, M̈nchen, am 8. November 1939
(Stuttgart, 1970).

7
. Moorhouse,
Killing Hitler
, 58.

8
. Hans-Adolf Jacobsen (ed.),
Dokumente zur Vorgeschichte des Westfeldzuges 1939-1940
(G̈ttingen, 1956), 5-7. For the generals’ previous caution, see Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, 633, 642, 668-70.

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