The Swerve (47 page)

Florentine Republic, 122–26, 127, 215–17

Florentine Synod, 226

florins, 21, 211, 290
n
, 301
n

Florio, John, 243, 244

Foundling Hospital (Florence), 110

four elements, 73–74

Fra Angelico, 218

France, 11, 24, 38, 55, 122, 160, 163, 164, 176, 226, 233, 236, 249, 286
n

Franciscans, 111, 147–48

free will, 71, 74–75, 189

French language, 206, 243–44, 247, 257, 262

French Revolution, 11

Freud, Sigmund, 183

friars, 114, 143, 147–48, 163, 236, 240

Frontius, Julius, 152, 283
n

Fronto, Marcus Cornelius, 95

Frutti, Michaelle, 112

Fulda abbey, 44–50, 181

 

Galen, 87

Galileo Galilei, 8, 185, 239, 254–56, 306
n

Gamelion, 66

Ganymede, 140

Garcia Lopez (tailor), 236

Gassendi, Pierre, 257

Gaul, 106

Genesis, Book of, 3

geography, 87

geometry, 87

George of Trebizond, 21, 145–46, 215

Georgics
(Virgil), 51–52, 273
n

Germany, 14–21, 29, 31, 33–34, 35, 36, 44–50, 159, 162, 164, 173–77, 181, 205, 206

Ghiberti, Lorenzo, 110, 218

Ghislieri, Michele, 227

Giotto, 113

Giunti, Filippo, 226

God, 10–11, 27, 37, 42, 89, 95, 97, 102–3, 105, 114, 166, 220, 233–36, 251, 253, 261, 285
n

gods and goddesses, 1–2, 5–6, 7, 10, 67–68, 71, 74, 88, 89, 98–99, 100, 101, 130, 139, 180, 183, 184, 193–94, 195, 197, 198, 199, 201–2, 226–27, 228, 231–36, 251, 260–61, 298
n
, 299
n

gold, 129, 280
n

Golden Age, 191

Gospels, 96, 97, 105

Gothic script, 115

Gothic Wars, 28, 49

Gottlieben Castle, 171

grain, 45, 66, 126, 279
n
–80
n

grammar, 12, 24, 25, 28–29, 31, 49, 97, 121

“Great Vanishing,” 86

Greek culture, 28, 59–60, 70, 72, 84, 87, 194–95

Greek language, 43, 88, 97, 119–20, 126, 217

Greek literature, 42, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62–63, 81, 84, 153, 182, 210, 228, 273
n
, 275
n
–76
n

see also specific works

Greek philosophy, 72–80, 211, 252

Gregory I, Pope, 97, 103

Gregory XI, Pope, 293
n

Gregory XII, Antipope, 160, 180, 205

Guarino of Verona, 179

Guasconi, Biagio, 162

Guicciardini, Francesco, 127

guilds, 15, 16, 114

Gutenberg, Johann, 32, 219

 

Hamlet
(Shakespeare), 3, 75, 233

handwriting, 37–38, 62, 112–13, 115–16, 121, 130, 135, 155–56, 179

happiness, 195–96, 198

Harriot, Thomas, 239

Harvey, William, 10

Hebrew language, 88, 95

Hebrews, 42, 283
n

Heidelberg, University of, 172

Heidenheim, 15

heliocentrism, 87, 306
n

Hell, 30, 288
n

Henry V, King of England, 206

Henry VIII, King of England, 228

Herculaneum, 54–59, 63–67, 68, 70–72, 77, 79, 81, 82

heresy, 13, 17, 155, 165, 166–68, 170–73, 177–79, 227, 233–41, 250–56

hermits, 35, 68, 107, 111

heroism, 104, 130

Hippolytus, 180

History of Florence
(Poggio), 217

History of Rome
(Livy), 23

Hobbes, Thomas, 10, 261

Holinshed Raphael, 228

holy orders, 120, 137–38, 147–48

Holy Roman Empire, 44, 120, 122, 155

Homer, 48–49, 62, 89, 182, 215

Hooke, Robert, 83–84

Hooker, Richard, 8

Horace, 84, 96

Houghton Library, 243

human existence, 190–92

humanities (
studia humanitatis
), 8–13, 23, 119–24, 134, 208, 214

Hume, David, 262

Hus, Jan, 166–68, 170, 171–72, 177, 253

Hutchinson, John, 257

Hutchinson, Lucy, 257–62, 267
n
, 305
n

hymn to Venus (Lucretius), 1–2, 10, 201–2, 228, 251, 260–61, 299
n

Hypatia of Alexandria, 91–93, 252, 282
n

hypocrisy, 37, 133, 138–39

 

Ignatius of Loyola, Saint, 108

Iliad
(Homer), 3, 215

illness, 12, 75, 76–77, 104, 147, 195

illusion, 198–99

immortality, 6, 57, 75–76, 98, 99–100, 101, 150, 158, 159, 183, 192–95, 220, 223, 230–32, 244, 260

Incarnation, 98–99

inclinatio
(swerve) principle, 7–13, 188–89, 297
n

Index of Prohibited Books, 227

India, 59, 87

indices, 39–40, 63, 227

individuality, 9–10, 16

indulgences, 158, 159, 161, 168

infallibility, 166

Inferno
(Dante), 288
n

infinity, 186, 187, 189, 196–97, 237, 239, 244, 256

ink, 39, 40, 43, 82–86

Inquisition, 227, 236, 239–40, 254–56

Institutes
(Quintillian), 177, 178–79, 296
n

intellectuals, 46–47, 51, 65–70, 87–88, 91–93, 122–26, 142–45, 227–33

“intelligent design,” 187–88, 220, 297
n

Iphegenia, 194

Ireland, 12, 38

Isaac, 194

Isambard, 236

Isidore of Seville, 12

Islam, 113, 282
n
–83
n

Italian language, 31, 206, 257, 262

italics, 115

Italy, 17, 21–22, 30, 31, 34, 43, 45, 60, 111, 122, 136, 160, 163, 174, 176, 205, 210–18, 233, 239–40, 249

see also specific towns and cities

 

Janus, 99

Jefferson, Thomas, 262–63, 307
n
–8
n

Jerome, Saint, 53–54, 94–96, 109, 181, 283
n

Jerome of Prague, 168, 172–73, 177–79, 295
n
, 296
n

Jerusalem, 94

Jesuits, 250–51, 253–56

Jesus Christ, 9, 10, 19, 71, 98, 104–5, 107, 108, 139–40, 194, 236, 241, 252–53, 286
n

Jews, 3, 15, 39, 42, 67, 78, 87, 89, 91, 92, 98, 101, 136, 194, 227, 236, 283
n

Johann von Merlau, 45–46

John the Baptist, 90

John XXIII (Baldassare Cossa), Antipope, 152–78

abdication of, 160–61, 165–67, 170–80, 205

birthplace of, 158

as bishop of Rome, 137

as cardinal deacon of Bologna, 159–60

as cardinal of Florence, 179–80

corruption of, 136–41, 151–52, 165–66, 170–71, 181

at Council of Constance, 162–78, 180

criminal charges against, 170–71

curia of, 18, 19–21, 22, 31, 33, 36–37, 44, 45, 135–41, 144, 150–58, 161, 162–63, 165, 168–69, 170, 171, 180, 181

death of, 180

ecclesiastical career of, 158–60

election of, 154, 160, 161

entourage of, 137, 138, 161–62

in Florence, 162, 179–80

imprisonment of, 171, 179–80, 205

papacy of, 19–21, 22, 34, 44, 135–41, 150–78, 180, 205

papal name of, 171

Poggio’s relationship with, 157–58, 165–66, 170, 178, 180, 181, 205

poisoning accusation against, 159–60, 170–71

release of, 179–80

rival popes of, 160, 180, 205

in schism, 142–43, 155, 160, 161–78, 205

spiritual authority of, 136–37, 149–50, 164–65, 168–69

temporal authority of, 135–37, 157–58, 161–62

John XXIII (Angelo Roncalli), Pope, 171

Jonson, Ben, 77–78, 79, 243, 277
n
, 305
n

Jove, 75, 175, 233, 236

jubilee years, 159

Judaism, 39, 67, 101, 194, 236

Julian the Apostate, 101

Jung, Carl, 183

Jungkuntz, Richard, 285
n

Juno, 99

Jupiter, 88, 89, 100, 156

Jupiter Serapis, 88

 

Kaiserstuhl, 174

Kleve, Knut, 64

 

labor, manual, 25, 37

Lactantius, 102–3

Ladislas, King of Naples, 161–62

Lambin, Denys, 248–49, 256

landowners, 113–14, 228, 230

Lapo da Castiglionchio, 138–42, 144

Last Supper, 304
n
–5
n

Lateran palace, 156

Latin Festival, 69

Latin language, 2–3, 7, 12, 18, 19, 31–32, 42–52, 112–13, 119–22, 123–24, 130, 131–34, 135, 136, 138, 149, 155, 179, 180, 182, 202, 206, 210, 215, 217, 221–22, 225, 243, 247, 256

Latin literature, 42, 62–63, 81, 87, 117, 121–24, 182, 228, 273
n
, 275
n
, 289
n

see also specific works

Laurentian Library, 115, 204, 290
n

laws, universal, 74–75

lawyers, 35, 137, 139

leap days, 87

legal systems, 17, 35, 38, 111–12, 125–26, 134, 137, 139, 158, 228, 232

legions, 59, 79

Leiden, University of, 204–5

Lent, 108

Leonardo da Vinci, 8, 9, 242

lettera antica
, 121

letters patent, 137

Leucippus of Abdera, 73, 82

lexicography, 12, 35

liberty, 9–10, 16, 125, 239–40, 262–63

librarians, 29, 31–32, 39, 43, 50

libraries:

monastic, 24–33, 37–38, 39, 43, 45–50, 65, 109, 117, 130–31, 152, 176–79, 204, 206–8, 209, 225, 271
n
–72
n
, 290
n

private, 54–60, 86, 94–96, 134

public, 54–63, 86–94, 91, 93, 130–31, 134, 275
n
–76
n
, 279
n
–83
n
, 290
n

Library of Pantainos, 276
n

Lippi, Filippo, 218

literacy, 17, 24–26, 93–94, 270
n

Livy, 23, 211

Lucca, 153

Luccarus, 112

Lucian of Samosta, 217

“Lucretiani,” 221

Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus:

aesthetics of, 51

biography of, 52–54, 274
n

Cicero’s reference to, 51

classical references to, 23, 49–50, 51, 54

death of, 51, 53–54, 94, 109

as Epicurean, 1–2, 7, 52, 72–80, 104, 109, 222

family background of, 53

legacy of, 51–80, 109

madness ascribed to, 53–54, 94

name of, 49

Ovid’s reference to, 54

pacifism of, 52

as pagan, 53–54

readings by, 71–72

rediscovery of, 23–24, 43, 49–50

reputation of, 1–2, 7, 49–50, 51, 54, 71–72, 272
n
–73
n

in Rome, 71–72, 75

Saint Jerome’s account of, 53–54, 94, 109

skepticism of, 52, 72

suicide ascribed to, 53–54, 94, 109

Virgil influenced by, 51–52, 273
n

writings of,
see De rerum natura
(Lucretius)

Lucullus, 155–56, 275
n

Ludwig von der Pfalz, 163

Luke, Saint, 105

Luna, Pedro de, 160, 205

Luther, Martin, 149, 172, 253

 

Macer, 23, 270
n

Machiavelli, Niccolò, 8, 144, 150, 185

Maestà
(Duccio), 10