The Story of Astronomy (35 page)

Cook, Captain James,
176
–7

Copernicus, Nicolaus influence,
83
,
91
,
96
–7,
104
,
116

influences on,
60

overview,
71
–80

Cosmic Background Explorer,
329

cosmic microwave background
see
CMB

cosmological constant,
221
–2,
355
–6

cosmology

ancient Greek,
23
,
25
–31,
37
,
44
–9

Arab,
56

Babylonian,
19
–20

Copernican,
71
–80

Galileo's support for Copernican,
104
–8

Crab Nebula,
263

Crabtree, William,
95
,
116
,
118
,
119
,
121
–2

cubic equations,
62

Curtis, Heber,
233
–4

Cygnus X-1,
273

Dalton, John,
198

dark energy,
340
,
355
–7

dark matter,
340
,
348
–51,
352
–3

Darwin, Charles,
201
–2

Davy, Sir Humphrey,
196

Dawn Mission
probe,
318

Deep Impact
spacecraft,
324
–5

deferents and epicycles system,
44
–5

Deptford
, HMS,
174

Desargues, Girard,
149

Descartes, René,
148
,
149
,
150

Dicke, Robert,
328

Digges, Captain Dudley,
174
–5

dimensions: fourth,
283
–6

Din Malik Shah, sultan of Jalal,
61

Discovery
space shuttle,
319

Doppler, Christian,
232

Doppler effect,
232

Draper, Henry,
204

Draper, John,
204

dust,
282
–3,
346

dwarf planets,
318

E = mc
²
,
221
,
226
,
247
,
252
,
338
,
355

Earnshaw, Thomas,
176

Earth

age,
201
–3

Arab cosmological theories,
56

Copernican cosmology,
71
–80,
104
–8

craters,
363

distance from Sun,
152
,
177

early cosmological theories,
13
,
19
–20,
23
,
25
–31,
37
,
44
–9

death,
253

escape velocity,
270
–1

formation,
358
–61

and formation of the Moon,
361
–3

measuring,
31
–2,
151

orbit,
56
,
59

rotation cycles,
40

shape,
159

Easter, calculating date,
74

eclipses, lunar

ancients' knowledge,
26
,
28
,
39
–40,
44
,
47

and longitude calculation,
163

supposed influence on life on Earth,
82

eclipses, solar

ancients' knowledge,
5
–7,
23
,
25
–6,
37
–8,
44
,
47

and longitude calculation,
163

mentions in
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
,
68

Eddington, Sir Arthur,
220
,
223
,
252
,
341

Egyptian astronomy,
11
,
20
–1

Einstein, Albert,
136
,
209
–27,
232

Einstein, Eduard,
211

Einstein, Elsa,
225

Einstein, Hans Albert,
211

Einstein, Mileva,
211

Einstein Cross,
223
–4

Einstein Ring,
223

electricity,
194
–7

nuclear-generated,
251

electromagnetism,
224
,
333
,
337

electrons,
248

Electroweak Era,
337

electroweak force,
333
,
337

elements

discovery,
198
–9

formation,
253
,
254
,
256
–7,
265
–9,
297
–8

entropy,
298
,
299

epicycles
see
deferents and epicycles system

equinoxes, precession of,
40
,
42
,
47

equivalence, principle of,
217
–21

Eratosthenes,
31
–2

Eris,
318

escape velocities,
155
–6,
270
–1

ether,
206
–9

Euclid,
62

Eudoxus,
45

Euler, Leonhard,
157
,
176

Europa,
314
,
315

EUVE (Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer),
322
–3

Evans, Revd. Robert Owen,
325

Evelyn, John,
136
–8

event horizons,
271
,
277

evolution theory,
201
–2

extraterrestrial life,
96
–7,
261
–3,
274
–5,
358
,
363
–4

Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer
see
EUVE

Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer
see
FUSE

Faraday, Michael,
195
–6,
226
–7

Fermat, Pierre de,
149

Fisher, Richard,
342

Fitzgerald, Edward,
63

FitzGerald, George,
209

Flamsteed, John,
125
,
152
,
166
–9,
170
–1

force concept,
332
–4

Fowler, William,
298

France: maps,
159
–60

Frederick II, king of Denmark,
62
,
84
–5,
86
,
87

Friedmann, Alexander,
221
–2,
326

FUSE (Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer),
322
–3

Gagarin, Yuri,
305
–6

galaxies

classification,
238
–9

clustering,
351
–2

measuring distance from Earth,
344
–5,
351
–2

movements,
239
–43

rotation and structure,
346
–53

see also individual galaxies by name

Galileo
spacecraft,
312
,
313
–14

Galileo Galilei,
96
,
97
–108,
148
,
149
,
164
,
291

Galle, Johann Gottfried,
193

gamma rays,
322

Gamow, George,
326
–7

Ganymede,
314
–15

gas giants,
314
,
360

Gassendi, Pierre,
123
,
148

Geller, Margaret,
352

Gellibrand, Herbert,
116
,
119

geology,
202
–3,
249

geometry,
57
,
62

George III, king of Great Britain and Ireland,
184

George, Prince, of Denmark,
169

Gervaise of Canterbury,
69
–70

Gold, Thomas,
243
,
297

Graham, George,
172

Grand Unification Epoch
see
GUE

gravitational accretion,
359

gravitational lensing,
222
–4,
350
–1

gravity

and black holes,
269
–70,
271
–2,
277
–8

Copernican attitude,
75

and dark energy,
355
–7

escape velocities,
155
–6,
270
–1

Galileo's experiments,
99
–100

importance,
193
–5

measuring specific,
98

Newton's theory,
131
–3,
134
,
135
–6,
138
–45

and planetary orbits,
158

separation from other forces during Big Bang,
334

and space/time,
216
–20

and unified field theory,
333
–4

“Great Debate,”
233
–4

Great Wall,
352

Greek astronomy,
22
–40,
43
–9

Green, Charles,
177

Greenwich Observatory,
151
,
165
–9

Gregory XIII, Pope,
41

Grossmann, Marcel,
224

GUE (Grand Unification Epoch),
335

Guth, Alan,
335

H-R diagram,
341
–2

Habicht, Konrad,
212

Hadron and Lepton Era,
337
–8

Hale, George Ellery,
234
–5,
236

Halley, Edmond,
68
–9,
138
–43,
169
–71

Harrison, John,
171
–6

Harrison, William,
174

Harvard, John,
114

Harvard Observatory,
229

Harvard University,
114

Hawking, Jane,
293
,
294

Hawking, Stephen,
278
,
290
–304

Heisenberg, Werner,
250

helium,
338

Herodotus,
20
–1,
22

Herschel, Caroline,
180
–1,
182
,
184
,
185
,
189

Herschel, John,
126
,
184
,
186
,
188
–91

Herschel, Margaret,
190

Herschel, Mary,
185
,
188

Herschel, William,
178
–89

Hertzsprung, Ejnar,
341

Herzog, Albert,
211

Hesiod,
22

Hevelius, Elizabeth Margarethe,
127

Hevelius, Johannes,
126
–7

Hipparchus,
36
–40,
44
,
46
,
47

Hooke, Robert,
138
–40,
153

Horace,
78

Horrocks, Jeremiah,
95
,
110
–26,
168

Hoyle, Fred,
243
,
253
,
265
–7,
292
,
296
–8

Hubble, Edwin,
222
,
234
,
235
,
236
–42,
344

Hubble Space Telescope,
237
,
241
,
317
,
319
–22,
345

Hubble's constant,
239
–42,
344
–5

Hubble's law,
239
–42,
344
,
354
–5

Huchra, John,
224
,
352

Huchra Lens,
224

Humason, Milton,
239
,
344

Huygens, Christiaan,
138
,
316

Hven,
84
–6

hydrogen,
338

hydrogen line,
342
–3,
346
–7

hydrogen spectrum,
199

hydrostatic balances,
98

Inflationary Epoch,
335
–6

infrared,
187

interferometry,
321

Io,
314

Islamic astronomy
see
Arabian and Persian astronomy

Israel, Werner,
303

James I and VI, king of England and Scotland,
85

Jansky, Karl,
259
–60

Jeans, Sir James,
243
,
297

Jodrell Bank,
261

Julius Caesar,
41
,
42

Jupiter

ancients' understanding of movements,
11

and the asteroid belt,
360

and Copernican cosmology,
78

exploration,
312
–16

moons,
101
,
314
–16

orbit,
158

rings,
360
–1

use to calculate speed of light,
152
–3

use to determine longitude,
151
,
163
–4

Keck Telescopes,
321

Kelvin, Lord,
202
,
246
–7

Kendall, Larcum,
176

Kennedy, John F.,
306

Kepler, Johannes,
81
,
87
–95,
116
,
258

Kepler's Star,
91

Khwajah Nizami,
64

Kuiper, Gerard,
319

Kuiper Belt,
319

Lagrange, Joseph-Louis,
157
,
158
,
188

Laika (dog),
305

Lansberg, Philip,
116

Laplace, Pierre Simon,
157
,
158
,
188

Large Hadron Collider,
333

latitude and longitude,
36
,
151
–2,
159
,
161
–77

Le Verrier, Urbain-Jean-Joseph,
193
,
219
–20