The Sorrows of Empire (55 page)

9
. Joseph Gerson and Bruce Birchard, eds.,
The Sun Never Sets: Confronting the Network of Foreign U.S. Military Bases
(Boston: South End Press, 1991), p. 16; Public Radio News Services, Melbourne, Australia, Transcript, “The CIA in Australia, Part 3,” October-November 1986, <
http://serendipity.magnet.ch/cia/cia_oz/cia_oz3.htm
>; and Andrew Clark, “Kerr Briefed on CIA Threat to Whitlam,”
Sunday Age,
October 15, 2000, <
http://www.ozpeace.net/pinegap/kerrsbriefing.htm
>.

10
. “Spy Agency Taps into Undersea Cable,”
Wall Street Journal Online,
May 22, 2001. The USS
Jimmy Carter
is scheduled to go into service tapping underseas optical fiber cables in 2004.

11
. Campbell,
Development of Surveillance Technology,
pp. 48–50; Evinger,
Directory of U.S. Military Bases Worldwide;
and Vernon Loeb, “Espionage Demands Prod Navy on Sub Construction,”
Washington Post,
July 5, 2002.

12
. Mark Thomas, “If the French Had Asked for Military Bases in Britain, We’d Be Torching Citroens and Picketing Patisseries,”
New Statesman,
April 9, 2001; and Diana Johnstone and Ben Cramer, “The Burdens and the Glory: U.S. Bases in Europe,” in Gerson and Birchard,
The Sun Never Sets,
p. 210.

13
. Gerson and Birchard, eds.,
The Sun Never Sets,
p. 16. In January 2003, the British defense secretary made the decision, without a vote of Parliament, to allow the United States to upgrade and use its secret base at Fylingdales in northern Yorkshire as part of its proposed missile defense network (Associated Press,
New York Times,
January 16, 2003).

14
. Evinger,
Directory of US. Military Bases Worldwide,
p. 291.

15
. Richard Norton-Taylor, “Embarrassed U.S. Blocks Case against Peace Fighter,”
Guardian,
June 29, 2002.

16
. Poole,
Echelon,
p. 13; Interview with James Bamford, author of
Body of Secrets,
in
WorldNetDaily,
June 24, 2001, <
http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=23342
>; and CBS News,
60 Minutes,
“Ex-Snoop Confirms Echelon Network,” New York, February 27, 2000 (transcript posted March 1, 2000).

17
. See Yorkshire Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, “Menwith Hill, Commercial Espionage,” <
http://cndyorks.gn.apc.org/mhs/index.htm
>. Also see Jeffrey Richelson, “Desperately Seeking Signals,”
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
56:2 (March-April 2000), pp. 47–51; American Civil Liberties Union’s special Web site <
www.echelonwatch.org
>; Stuart Miller, Richard Norton-Taylor, and Ian Black, “Worldwide Spying Network Is Revealed,”
Guardian,
May 26, 2001; Rupert Goodwins, “Echelon: How It Works,”
ZDNet UK,
<
http://news.zdnet.co.uk/story/0,,t269-s2079849,00.html
>; and ZDNet’s “Echelon Bibliography,” <
http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/specials/2000/06/echelon/
>.

18
. For the simplest explanation of one-time pads, see Francis Litterio, “Why Are One-Time Pads Perfectly Secure?” <
http://world.std.eom/franl/crypto/one-time-pad.html
>.

19
.
60 Minutes,
“Ex-Snoop Confirms Echelon Network.”

20
. Derrick Z. Jackson, “A Nation Changed—and Unchanged,”
Boston Globe,
September 11, 2002; Dara Colwell, “The SUV-Terrorism Connection,”
AlterNet.org,
October 15, 2001; Terry Golway, “Time to Junk Gas-Guzzling SUV’s,”
New York Observer,
November 12, 2001, p. 5; Ian Roberts, “Car Wars,”
Guardian,
January 18, 2003; Jeff Plungis, “SUV Tax Break May Reach $75,000,”
Detroit News,
January 20, 2003; and Keith Bradsher,
High and Mighty: SUV’s—The World’s Most Dangerous Vehicles and How They Got That Way
(New York: Public Affairs, 2002).

21
. Federation of American Scientists, “Smedley Butler on Interventionism,” <
http://www.fas.org/man/smedley.htm
>; and Hans Schmidt,
Maverick Marine: Gen. Smedley D. Butler and the Contradictions of American Military History
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1987), p. 2 et passim.

22
. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy,
Caspian Sea Region: Reserves and Pipelines Tables,
June 2002. Also see Dale Allen Pfeiffer, “The Forging of ‘Pipelineistan’: Oil, Gas Pipelines High Priority for U.S. in Central Asian Military Campaigns,”
From
theWilderness.com,
July 11, 2002.

23
. Michael T. Klare, “Oil Moves the War Machine,”
Progressive,
June 2002; and Klare, “Oiling the Wheels of War,”
Nation,
October 7, 2002, pp. 6–7. For other estimates of Caspian Sea oil and gas reserves, see Ahmed Rashid,
Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), pp. 144–45; Stephen Kinzer, “A Perilous New Contest for the Next Oil Prize,”
New York Times,
September 21,1997; and “Russia Appears to Be Leading in Caspian Sea Resources Export Race,”
Alexander’s Gas & Oil Connections
6:18 (September 25, 2001).

24
. “How Oil Interests Play Out in U.S. Bombing of Afghanistan,”
Drillbits & Tailings
6:8 (October 31, 2001); Pratap Chatterjee, “Afghan Pipe Dream: Is the U.S. War on Terrorism Really a War for a Caspian
Natural Gas Pipeline? Maybe Yes, and Maybe No,”
Corp Watch
June 28, 2002.

25
. The Editors, “U.S. Military Bases and Empire,”
Monthly Review
53:10 (March 2002), quoting the U.S. State Department from the
New York Times,
December 15, 2001.

26
. Phar Kim Beng, “Oil Needs Drive China West,”
Asia Times,
November 20, 2002; Sabrina Tavernise, “Putin Will Focus on Energy in Visit to China This Week,”
New York Times,
December 2, 2002. Also see Kang Wu and Fereidun Fesharaki, “Managing Asia Pacific’s Energy Dependence on the Middle East: Is There a Role for Central Asia?”
Analysis from the East-West Center,
no. 60 (June 2002).

27
. J. Eric Duskin, “Permanent Installation: Thousands of U.S. Troops Are Headed to Central Asia, and They’re Not Leaving Anytime Soon,”
In These Times,
March 29, 2002; Robert G. Kaiser, “U.S. Plants Footprint in Shaky Central Asia,”
Washington Post,
August 27, 2002.

28
. Chatterjee, “Afghan Pipe Dream.” Also see Jeff Gerth, “Bribery Inquiry Involves Kazakh Chief, and He’s Unhappy,”
New York Times,
December 11, 2002; and Joshua Chaffin, “The Kazakh Connection: How Money Buys Access to the Politicians and Power-brokers in Washington,”
Financial Times,
June 26, 2003.

29
. Bob Woodward,
Bush at War
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002), p. 340; and Mike Allen, “CIA’s Cash Toppled Taliban,”
Washington Post,
November 16, 2002.

30
. Colonel Stanislav Lunev, “Welcoming Our New Ally, Uzbek President Karimov,”
NewsMax.com,
March 11, 2002; Robert Burns, “Rumsfeld Meets C. Asian Leaders,”
Washington Post,
April 28, 2002; Ahmed Rashid, “Central Asia Trouble Ahead,”
Far Eastern Economic Review,
May 9, 2002; Duskin, “Permanent Installation”; Kari Huus, “Critical Ally Calling, with Baggage,”
MSNBC.com,
September 24, 2002; Yonatan Pomrenze, “Uzbekistan Basks in U.S. Spotlight,”
MSNBC.com,
September 24,2002.

31
. See Kinzer, “Perilous New Contest.”

32
. Sabrina Tavernise, “Kazakhstan Reaches Oil Accord with Foreign Group,”
New York Times,
January 28, 2003.

33
. Carla Marinucci, “Chevron Redubs Ship Named for Bush Aide; Condoleezza Rice Drew Too Much Attention”
San Francisco Chronicle,
May 5, 2001.

34
. Andrew Jack and David Stern, “Pipeline Plan for Borjomi Valley Is Approved,”
Financial Times,
December 3, 2002. Also see Jay Hancock, “Is Bush Pro-Azeri or Just Pro-Oil?”
Baltimore Sun,
April 2, 2001; Armen Georgian (Agence France-Presse), “U.S. Eyes Caspian Oil in ‘War on Terror,’”
ZNet,
May 1, 2002; Georgian, “Guzzling the Caspian,”
Christian Science Monitor,
September 27, 2002.

35
. See Kaiser, “U.S. Plants Footprint.”

36
. Georgian, “U.S. Eyes Caspian Oil.” Also see Misha Dzhindzhikhashvili (Associated Press), “Plan for U.S. Troops in Georgia Irks Russia,”
San Diego Union-Tribune,
February 28, 2002; and Patrick Martin, “U.S. Troops Deployed to Former Soviet Republic of Georgia,”
World Socialist Web Site,
March 1, 2002.

37
. Patrick Martin, “U.S. Planned War in Afghanistan Long before September 11,”
World Socialist Web Site,
November 20, 2001. Also see James Risen, “New Breed of Roughnecks Battles over Caspian Oil Fields,”
Los Angeles Times,
May 24, 1998; and Pierre Abramovici, “Background to Washington’s War on Terror,”
Le Monde Diplomatique,
January 2002.

38
. Steven Levine, “UNOCAL Quits Afghanistan Pipeline Project,”
New York Times,
December 5, 1998; Rashid,
Taliban,
p. 160; Jennifer Van Bergen, “Zalmay Khalilzad and the Bush Agenda,”
Truthout,
January 13, 2001, <
http://www.truthout.org/docs_01/01.14A.Zalmay.Oil.htm
>; “Vital Statistics: Greasing the Machine—Bush, His Cabinet, and Their Oil Connections,”
Drillbits & Tailings
6:5 (June 30, 2001); Daniel Fisher, “Afghanistan: Oil Execs Revive Pipeline from Hell,”
Forbes,
February 4, 2002; Larry Chin, “Players on a Rigged Grand Chessboard: Bridas, UNOCAL, and the Afghanistan Pipeline,”
Online Journal,
March 6, 2002; Halima Kazem, “Afghanistan Eyes a Pipeline, but Prospects Look Dim,”
Eurasianet,
June 6, 2002; and “Joe Conason’s Journal,”
Salon.com,
December 3, 2002, <
http://www.salon.com/poitics/conason/2002/12/03/bush/print.html
>.

39
. Jacob Weisberg, “Bush’s Favorite Afghan,”
Slate,
October 5, 2001,
<
http://www.slate.msn.com/?id=1008402
>; and Wayne Madsen, “Afghanistan, the Taliban, and the Bush Oil Team,” January 10, 2002, <
http://www.democrats.com/view2xfm?id=5496
>.

40
. Rashid,
Taliban,
p. 163.

41
. Levine, “UNOCAL Quits.” Also see Mary Pat Flaherty, David B. Ottaway, and James V. Grimaldi, “How Afghanistan Went Unlisted as Terrorist Sponsor,”
Washington Post,
November 5,2001.

42
. “Pipelineistan: The Rules of the Game,”
Alexander’s Gas & Oil Connections
7:4 (February 21, 2002).

43
. Allen, “CIA’s Cash.”

44
. Kaiser, “U.S. Plants Footprint.”

45
. Martin Walker, “Bases, Bases Everywhere,” United Press International, December 23,2001; Kamran Khan, “Pakistan Wants Its Airbases Back,”
News,
Pakistan, January 11,2002; and Anwar Iqbal, “U.S. Flew 57,800 Sorties from Pakistan,” United Press International, May 19, 2003.

46
. Duskin, “Permanent Installation.”

47
. Eric Schmitt and James Dao, “U.S. Is Building Up Its Military Bases in Afghan Region,”
New York Times,
January 9, 2002.

48
. Edmund L. Andrews, “A Bustling U.S. Air Base Materializes in the Mud,”
New York Times,
April 27, 2002. Also see Global Security Organization, “Manas International Airport, Ganci Air Base, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan,” <
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/manas.htm
>; Burns, “Rumsfeld Meets”; Patrick Martin, “U.S. Bases Pave the Way for Long-Term Intervention in Central Asia,”
World Socialist Web Site,
January 11, 2002; Duskin, “Permanent Installation”; and Steven Lee Myers, “Russia to Deploy Air Squadron in Kyrgyzstan, Where U.S. Has Base,”
New York Times,
December 4, 2002.

49
. Ahmed Rashid, “New Wars to Fight,”
Far Eastern Economic Review,
September 12, 2002. Also see Global Security Organization, “Khanabad, Uzbekistan,” <
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/khanabad.htm
>; “U.S. Indicates New Military Partnership with Uzbekistan,”
Wall Street Journal,
October 15, 2001; Schmitt and Dao, “U.S. Is Building Up”; Martin, “U.S. Bases Pave the Way”; Duskin, “Permanent Installation”; Andrews, “Bustling U.S. Air Base”; Baglia Bukharbaeva (Associated Press), “U.S. Still Digging In at Secret Forward
Base,”
San Diego Union-Tribune,
May 29, 2002; and Sean Gonsalves, “War on Terrorism Has Oily Undercurrent,”
Seattle Post-Intelligencer,
September 3, 2002.