The Social Animal (58 page)

13
As Helen Fisher wrote
Helen Fisher, “The Drive to Love: The Neural Mechanism for Mate Selection,” in
The New Psychology of Love
, eds. Robert J. Sternberg and Karin Weis (Binghampton, NY: Yale University Press, 2006), 102.

14
There’s even some evidence
Judith Rich Harris,
The Nurture Assumption: Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do
(New York: Touchstone, 1999), 140.

15
In college, people are
Malakh Pines, 5.

16
As Geoffrey Miller notes
Geoffrey Miller,
The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped Human Nature
(New York: Anchor Books, 2000), 373-74.

17
Ninety percent of emotional
Iain McGilchrist,
The Master and His Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Western World
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009), 257.

18
He calculates that
Miller, 369-75.

19
there’s plenty of evidence
Helen Fisher,
Why We Love: The Nature and Chemistry of Romantic Love
(New York: Owl Books, 2004), 110-12.

20
Though men normally spend
Michael S. Gazzaniga,
Human: The Science Behind What Makes Us Human
(New York: Harper Perennial, 2008), 95.

21
David Buss’s surveys suggest
Buss, 44-45.

22
A woman’s attractiveness
Buss, 63-64.

23
Women resist dating outside
Guenter J. Hitsch, Ali Hortacsu, and Dan Ariely, “What Makes You Click?—Mate Preferences and Matching Outcomes in Online Dating,”
MIT
Sloan Research Paper No. 4603-06,
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Papers.cfm?abstract_id=895442
.

24
“The greatest happiness love”
Stendhal,
Love
, trans. Gilbert Sale and Suzanne Sale (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 104.

25
People who lose their sense
Rachel Herz,
The Scent of Desire: Discovering Our Enigmatic Sense of Smell
(New York: HarperCollins, 2008), 4-5.

26
They could somehow tell
Esther M. Sternberg,
Healing Spaces: The Science of Place and Well-Being
(Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2009), 83-84.

27
According to famous research by Claus Wedekind
Claus Wedekind et al., “MHC-Dependent Mate Preferences in Humans,”
Proceedings: Biological Sciences
260, no. 1359 (June 22, 1995): 245-49, “
http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0962-8452%2819950622%29260%3A1359%3C245%3AMMPIH%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y
“:http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0962-8452%2819950622%29260%3A1359%3C245%3AMMPIH%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y.

28
As Damasio put it
Antonio R. Damasio,
Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain
(New York: Penguin Books, 2005), 51.

29
Another of Damasio’s research subjects
Damasio, 193-94.

30
“This behavior is a good example”
Damasio, 194.

31
“Somatic markers do not deliberate”
Damasio, 174.

32
As LeDoux writes
Joseph E. LeDoux,
The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), 302.

33
Nobel Laureate Gerald Edelman
Gerald Edelman,
Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of the Mind
(New York: Basic Books, 1992), 69.

34
“All information processing”
Kenneth A. Dodge, “Emotion and Social Information Processing,” in
The Development of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation
, eds. Judy Garber and Kenneth A. Dodge (Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1991), 159.

CHAPTER
2:
THE
MAP
MELD

1
Marital satisfaction generally follows
Daniel Gilbert,
Stumbling on Happiness
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006), 221.

2
People used to argue
Roy F. Baumeister,
The Cultural Animal: Human Nature, Meaning, and Social Life
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 116.

3
Studies in strip clubs
Joseph T. Hallinan,
Why We Make Mistakes: How We Look Without Seeing, Forget Things in Seconds, and Are All Pretty Sure We Are Way Above Average
(New York: Broadway Books, 2009), 47.

4
she got lubricated even
Natalie Angier, “Birds Do It. Bees Do It. People Seek the Keys to It,”
New York Times
, April 10, 2007,
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/10/science/10desi.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1277571934-Wb1eIWRnCZrsHvyL0HJExg
.

5
Julia’s sexual tastes
Baumeister, 115-16.

6
An orgasm is not
Barry R. Komisaruk, Carlos Beyer-Flores, and Beverly Whipple,
The Science of the Orgasm
(Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 72.

7
Touches and sensations release
Regina Nuzzo, “Science of the Orgasm,”
Los Angeles Times
, February 11, 2008,
http://www.latimes.com/features/health/la-he-orgasm11feb11,0,7227478.story
.

8
A woman in Taiwan
Mary Roach,
Bonk: The Curious Coupling of Science and Sex
(New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2008), 237.

9
A man studied by V. S. Ramachandran
Regina Nuzzo, “Science of the Orgasm.”

10
Julia had the mental traits
Melvin Konner,
The Tangled Wing: Biological Constraints on the Human Spirit
(New York: Henry Holt & Co., 2002), 291.

CHAPTER
3: MINDSIGHT

1
Harold grew
250,000 Joseph LeDoux,
The Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are
(New York: Viking, 2002), 67.

2
he had well over 20 billion
Jeffrey M. Schwartz and Sharon Begley,
The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force
(New York: HarperCollins, 2002), 111.

3
Fetuses swallow more
Kim Y. Masibay, “Secrets of the Womb: Life’s Most Mind-Blowing Journey: From Single Cell to Baby in Just 266 Days,”
Science World
, September 13, 2002.

4
He began touching his umbilical
Betsy Bates, “Grimaces, Grins, Yawns, Cries: 3D/4D Ultrasound Captures Fetal Behavior,”
Ob.Gyn. News
, April 15, 2004,
http://www.obgynnews.com/article/S0029-7437(04)70032-4/fulltext
.

5
By the third trimester
Janet L. Hopson, “Fetal Psychology,”
Psychology Today
, September 1, 1998,
http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199809/fetal-psychology
.

6
After birth, babies will suck
Bruce E. Wexler,
Brain and Culture: Neurobiology, Ideology, and Social Change
(Cambridge, MA:
MIT
Press, 2006), 97.

7
French babies cry differently
Bruce Bower, “Newborn Babies May Cry in Their Mother Tongues,”
Science News
, December 5, 2009,
http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/49195/title/Newborn_babies_may_cry_in_their_mother_tongues
.

8
Anthony J. DeCasper
Janet L. Hopson, “Fetal Psychology.”

9
In 1981 Andrew Meltzoff
Otto Friedrich, Melissa Ludtke, and Ruth Mehrtens Calvin, “What Do Babies Know?”
Time
, August 15, 1983,
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,949745-1,00.html
.

10
At an amazingly early age
Frederick Wirth,
Prenatal Parenting: The Complete Psychological and Spiritual Guide to Loving Your Unborn Child
(New York: HarperCollins, 2001), 14.

11
He could tell the difference
Alison Gopnik,
The Philosophical Baby: What Children’s Minds Tell Us About Truth, Love, and the Meaning of Life
(New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux, 2009), 205.

12
six-month-old babies can spot
Hillary Mayell, “Babies Recognize Faces Better Than Adults, Study Says,”
National Geographic
, May 22, 2005,
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/03/0321_050321_babies.html
.

13
It’s a form of body-to-body communication
Louis Cozolino,
The Neuroscience of Human Relationships: Attachment and the Developing Social Brain
(New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc., 2006), 103.

14
Soon, he could copy hand gestures
Edward O. Wilson,
Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998), 145.

15
The average baby demands
John Medina,
Brain Rules: 12 Principles for Surviving and Thriving at Work, Home, and School
(Seattle, WA: Pear Press, 2008), 197.

16
New mothers lose
Katherine Ellison,
The Mommy Brain: How Motherhood Makes You Smarter
(New York: Basic Books, 2005), 21.

17
Marital satisfaction plummets
Medina, 197.

18
as Jill Lepore once noted
Jill Lepore, “Baby Talk,”
The New Yorker
, June 29, 2009,
http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2009/06/29/090629crbo_books_lepore
.

19
testosterone can compromise
David Biello, “The Trouble with Men,”
Scientific American
, September 16, 2007,
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id-the-trouble-with-men
.

20
Kenneth Kaye has suggested
Wexler, 111.

21
“still-face” research
Alva Noë,
Out of Our Heads: Why You Are Not Your Brain and Other Lessons from the Biology of Consciousness
(New York: Hill & Wang, 2009), 30-31.

22
Rat pups who are licked
Wexler, 90.

23
Rats raised in interesting environments
Robin Karr-Morse and Meredith S. Wiley,
Ghosts from the Nursery: Tracing the Roots of Violence
(New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1997), 27.

24
Back in the 1930s
H. M. Skeels and H. B. Dye, “A Study of the Effects of Different Stimulation on Mentally Retarded Children,”
Proceedings and Addresses of the American Association of Mental Deficiency
, 44 (1939), 114-36.

25
As Marco Iacoboni has observed
Gordy Slack, “I Feel Your Pain,”
Salon
, November 5, 2007,
http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/11/05/mirror_neurons
.

26
The monkey’s brains would not fire
Marco Iacoboni,
Mirroring People: The New Science of How We Connect with Others
(New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2008), 26.

27
Their neurons fired
Iacoboni, 35-36.

28
They share the same
Richard Restak,
The Naked Brain: How the Emerging Neurosociety Is Changing How We Live, Work, and Love
(New York: Three Rivers Press, 2006), 58.

29
Human mirror neurons
Michael S. Gazzaniga,
Human: The Science Behind What Makes Us Human
(New York: Harper Perennial, 2008), 178.

30
Carol Eckerman
Iacoboni, 50.

31
Tanya Chartrand and John Bargh
Iacoboni, 112-14.

32
Robert Provine of the University of Maryland
Steven Johnson,
Mind Wide Open: Your Brain and the Neuroscience of Everyday Life
(New York: Scribner, 2004), 120.

33
Only 15 percent
Johnson, 119.

34
As Steven Johnson has written
Johnson, 120-21.

35
Coleridge described how
Raymond Martin and John Barresi,
The Rise and Fall of Soul and Self: An Intellectual History of Personal Identity
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), 184.

CHAPTER
4: MAPMAKING

1
“explanatory drive”
Alison Gopnik, Andrew N. Meltzoff, and Patricia K. Kuhl,
The Scientist in the Crib: What Early Learning Tells Us About the Mind
(New York: Harper Perennial, 1999), 85.