The Shadow King (40 page)

6. Carter, H., and A. C. Mace, The Tomb of Tut.Ankh.Amen Volume 1, 96.

7. Hoving, T., Tutankhamun: The Untold Story. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978.

8. Carter, H., and A. C. Mace, The Tomb of Tut.Ankh.Amen Volume 1.

9. “Gem-Studded Relics in Egyptian Tomb Amaze Explorers,” reprinted by The New York Times. December 1, 1922.

10. See: http://dlib.etc.ucla.edu/projects/Karnak/resource/ObjectCatalog/1858.

11. Carter, H., and A. C. Mace, The Tomb of Tut.Ankh.Amen Volume 1, 123.

12. Gilberg, M., “Alfred Lucas: Egypt’s Sherlock Holmes,” Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 36(1), 1997, 31–48.

13. “They Have an Eye for Profits,” The New York Times. January 27, 1923.

14. Untitled article in The New York Times. January 26, 1922.

15. “Would Put Mummy in Great Pyramid,” The New York Times. February 15, 1923.

16. Ibid.

17. “Commons Debates Pharaoh,” The New York Times. February 22, 1923.

18. “Wants Body Treated with Reverence,” reprinted by The New York Times. February 24, 1923.

19. Quoted in Frayling, C. The Face of Tutankhamun, 44.

20. Wallis, E., “A Kind Word for Mummies,” The New York Times. December 31, 1922.

21. Frayling, C., The Face of Tutankhamun, 46.

22. Quoted in James, T. G. H., Howard Carter: The Path to Tutankhamun. New York: Kegan Paul, 1992 (reprinted by Tauris Parke in 2008), 260.

23. Ibid., 261.

24. Lucas, A., “Notes on Some of the Objects from the Tomb of Tutankhamun.” Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte 41, 1942, 135–147.

25. Ibid.

26. “Only Five Entered the Tomb,” The New York Times. February 17, 1923.

27. Carter, H., and A. C. Mace, The Tomb of Tut.Ankh.Amen Volume 1, 183.

28. Ibid., 184.

29. Ibid., 186.

30. “Royalty Inspects Pharaoh Treasures,” reprinted by The New York Times. February 19, 1923.

31. “Splendor of Tomb of TutAnkh-Amen Astounds Experts,” reprinted by The New York Times. February 20, 1923.

Other sources include:

Howard Carter’s private journals and diaries, Harry Burton’s photographs, as well as eyewitness accounts of the opening of the burial chamber, written by A. C. Mace and A. H. Gardiner. All held at the Griffith Institute in Oxford, UK. They are also available online at http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/tutankhamundiscovery.html.

Other articles in The New York Times from December 1922 to February 1923.

Dodson, A., Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. 2009.

1. “Carnarvon Is Dead of an Insect’s Bite at Pharaoh’s Tomb,” The New York Times. April 5, 1923.

2. Quoted in Frayling, C., The Face of Tutankhamun. London: Faber and Faber, 1992, 44.

3. Quoted, e.g., in Frayling, C., The Face of Tutankhamun, 50.

4. “Carnarvon’s Death Spreads Theories about Vengeance,” The New York Times. April 6, 1923.

5. Quoted in Frayling, C., The Face of Tutankhamun, 47.

6. “Death by Evil Spirit Possible, Says Doyle,” The New York Times. April 6, 1923.

7. Quoted in Frayling, C., The Face of Tutankhamun, 47.

8. Noted in Tyldesley, J. A., Tutankhamen: The Search for an Egyptian King. New York: Basic Books, 2012.

9. Battle, G. G., “Carnarvon and Wells,” The New York Times. April 15, 1923.

10. “Carter Goes to Luxor to Reopen the Tomb,” The New York Times. October 4, 1923.

11. Quoted in Frayling, C., The Face of Tutankhamun, 52.

12. “Nerves Are Taut in Pharaoh’s Tomb,” The New York Times. December 9, 1923.

13. Carter, H., The Tomb of Tut.Ankh.Amen Volume 2. London: Cassell, 1927, 27.

14. Ibid., 51.

15. Quoted in James, T. G. H., Howard Carter: The Path to Tutankhamun. New York: Kegan Paul, 1992 (reprinted by Tauris Parke in 2008), 337.

16. “Carter, Here, Tells of King ‘Tut’s’ Tomb,” The New York Times. April 20, 1924.

17. Taylor, J. H., Egyptian Mummies. London: British Museum Press, 2010.

Other sources include:

Howard Carter’s private journals and diaries, held at the Griffith Institute in Oxford, UK. They are also available online at http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/tutankhamundiscovery.html.

Articles in The New York Times from April 1923 to April 1924.

Pinch, G., Handbook of Egyptian Mythology. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2002.

1. Derry, D. E., “Report upon the Examination of TutAnkh-Amen’s Mummy,” in The Tomb of Tut.Ankh.Amen Volume 2 by H. Carter. London: Cassell, 1927.

2. Smith, G. E., The Royal Mummies. London: Constable, 1912.

3. Private correspondence between Douglas Derry and Grafton Elliot Smith, now held in the archive of University College London.

4. Carter, H., The Tomb of Tut.Ankh.Amen Volume 2. London: Cassell, 1927, 135.

5. Ibid., 119.

6. Ibid., 113.

7. Letter from Douglas Derry to his son Hugh, written in 1925, kindly made available to me by Derry’s grandson, Ramsay Derry.

8. Carter, H., The Tomb of Tut.Ankh.Amen Volume 2.

9. Howard Carter journal entry, November 27–December 14, 1925 (held in the Griffith Institute, Oxford, UK).

10. Ibid., October 23, 1926.

Other sources include:

Howard Carter’s private journals and diaries, and photographs of the initial examination of Tutankhamun’s mummy, taken by Harry Burton in November 1925. All now held in the Griffith Institute in Oxford, UK, and available online at http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/tutankhamundiscovery.html.

Douglas Derry’s private notebooks from the examination of Tutankhamun’s mummy, held in the archive of University College London.

Private notes and correspondence kindly made available to me by Douglas Derry’s grandson, Ramsay Derry.

Taylor, J. H. Journey Through the Afterlife: The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead. London: British Museum Press, 2010.

Waldron, H. A., “The Study of the Human Remains from Nubia: The Contribution of Grafton Elliot Smith and His Colleagues to Palaeopathology,” Medical History 44(3), 2000, 363–388.

Chapter 6: Palm Wine, Spices, and Myrrh

1. Carter, H., The Tomb of Tut.Ankh.Amen Volume 3. London: Cassell, 1933, 28.

2. Ibid., 121.

3. “Howard Carter Seeks Tomb of Alexander,” The New York Times. September 6, 1931.

4. James, T. G. H., Howard Carter: The Path to Tutankhamun. New York: Kegan Paul, 1992 (reprinted by Tauris Parke in 2008), 454.

5. Marchant, J., “Tutankhamun: The Tomb Is Opened to All,” The Observer. July 18, 2010.

6. Herodotus, The Histories, Book II, Chapters 86–89, c. 430 BC. Translated by George Rawlinson in 1858.

7. Quoted in a letter from anatomist R. Harrison to pathologist E. G. Evans, dated June 9, 1960, now held in the archive of the University of Liverpool, UK.

8. Lucas, A., “The Question of the Use of Bitumen or Pitch by the Ancient Egyptians in Mummification,” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 1(4), 1914, 241–245.

9. Lucas, A., “‘Cedar’-Tree Products Employed in Mummification.” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 17, 1931, 13–21.

10. Harris, J. E., and K. R. Weeks, X-raying the Pharaohs. London: Macdonald, 1973, 92.

11. Lucas, A., “The Use of Natron by the Ancient Egyptians in Mummification,” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 1, 1914, 119–123.

12. Brier, B., “A Thoroughly Modern Mummy,” Archaeology, Jan./Feb. 2001.

13. Mummifying Alan: Egypt’s Last Secret, first broadcast on Channel 4 (Britain) on October 24, 2011.

14. Derry, D. E., “Note on the Skeleton Hitherto Believed to Be That of King Akhenaten,” Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte 31, 1931, 115–119.

15. Engelbach, R., “The So-Called Coffin of Akhenaten,” Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte 31, 1931, 98–114.

16. Finn, C., “Recreating the Sound of Tutankhamun’s Trumpets,” BBC News. November 7, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13092827.

17. Haines, W. R., “D. E. Derry,” British Medical Journal 1(5228), 1961, 832–833.

18. Letter from Douglas Derry to Dora Mansfield, dated June 5, 1950 (kindly made available to me by Derry’s grandson, Ramsay Derry), in which he describes the incident.

19. Haines, “D. E. Derry.”

20. Pollak, E., “When They Dug Up King Tut!” The Milwaukee Journal. October 28, 1952.

Other sources include:

Engelbach, R., “Mummification I: Introduction: Herodotus, with Notes on his Text.” Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte 41, 1942, 235–239.

Gilberg, M., “Alfred Lucas: Egypt’s Sherlock Holmes,” Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 36(1), 1997, 31–48.

Ikram, S., and A. Dodson, The Mummy in Ancient Egypt: Equipping the Dead for Eternity. London: Thames & Hudson, 1998.

Rivas, B., and A. Bullen, John Derry: The Story of Britain’s First Supersonic Pilot. Sparkford: Haynes, 2008.

Taylor, J. H., Egyptian Mummies. London: British Museum Press, 2010. Thompson, J., A History of Egypt: From Earliest Times to the Present. London: Haus, 2009.

1. Letter from anatomist R. Harrison to pathologist E. G. Evans, dated June 9, 1960, held in the archive of the University of Liverpool, UK.

2. Harris, R., and R. G. Harrison, “The Effect of Low Temperature on the Guinea Pig Testis,” Proceedings of the Society for the Study of Fertility, 1955, 23–34.

3. Fairman, H. W., “Once Again the So-Called Coffin of Akhenaten,” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 47, 1961, 25–40.

4. Smith, G. E., The Royal Mummies. London: Constable, 1912.

5. Derry, D. E., “An X-ray Examination of the Mummy of King Amenophis I,” Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte 34, 1934, 47–48.

6. Harrison, R. G., “An Anatomical Examination of the Pharaonic Remains Purported to Be Akhenaten,” The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 52, 1966, 95–119.

7. Correspondence between Harrison and Ali Abdalla, held in the archive of the University of Liverpool, UK.

8. Letter from Harrison to Johnstone dated May 25, 1967, held in the archive of the University of Liverpool, UK.

9. Photograph no. 256-p1566, taken by Harry Burton, held in the archive of the Griffith Institute in Oxford, UK. Available online at: http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/tutankhamundiscovery.html.

10. El-Aref, N., “Mummy Scan Furore,” Al Ahram Weekly. January 20–26, 2005.

11. “Tutankhamen Postmortem,” part of the BBC’s Chronicle series. Directed by P. Johnstone; first broadcast on BBC2, October 25, 1969.

12. Correspondence between Frank Leek and John Harris, held in the archive of the Griffith Institute, Oxford, UK.

13. Forbes, D., “… And (2) Carter Not Guilty? (Editor’s Reply).” Kmt 5(2), 1994, 3.

14. As of September 2012, these photographs are available online here: https://picasaweb.google.com/115265054906687312356/Luxor1943, and described in a Luxor News blog post here: http://luxor-news.blogspot.co.uk/2010/11/1943-photos-from-all-over-egypt.html.

15. “Tutankhamun CT Scan,” press release issued by the SCA, Cairo, March 8, 2005.

Other sources include:

“Tutankhamun CT Scan,” press release issued by the SCA, Cairo, March 8, 2005.

“A Mummy in the Closet,” Time. October 31, 1960.

Thomas, H., Harry Thomas’ Memory Lane Volume 1. Rhyl, UK: Gwasg Helygain, 2003.

Correspondence between Harrison and Madeleine Smith of the British Museum, held in the archive of the University of Liverpool, UK.

Dawson, W., Foreword in Diseases in Antiquity, ed. D. S. Brothwell and A. T. Sandison. Illinois: Thomas, 1967.

UK press clippings from summer 1960.

Correspondence between Ronald Harrison and others, including Ali Abdalla and Paul Johnstone, held in the archive of the University of Liverpool, UK.

“Sir Archibald Douglas Reid,” British Medical Journal, 1924, 174.

Chapter 8: Secrets from Blood and Bone

1. Harrison, R. G., and A. B. Abdalla, “The Remains of Tutankhamun,” Antiquity 46, 1972, 8–14.

2. Leek, F. F., “Observations on the Dental Pathology Seen in Ancient Egyptian Skulls,” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 52, 1966, 59–64.

3. Leek, F. F., “Teeth and Bread in Ancient Egypt,” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 58, 1972, 126–130.

4. Leek, F. F., “The Human Remains from the Tomb of Tut‘ankhamūn,” Tut‘ankhamūn’s Tomb Series Part V. Oxford: Griffith Institute, 1972.

5. Leek, F. F., “A Technique for Oral Examination of a Mummy,” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 57, 1971, 105–109.

6. Leek, F. F., “How Old Was Tutankhamun?” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 63, 1977, 112–115.

7. Harrison, R. G., “The Tutankhamun PostMortem,” in Chronicle: Essays from Ten Years of Television Archaeology, ed. R. Sutcliffe. London: BBC, 1978, 52.

8. Connolly, R. C., “Kinship of Smenkhkare and Tutankhamen Affirmed by Serological Micromethod,” Nature 224, 1969, 325.

9. Harrison, R. G., unpublished book manuscript, held in the archive of the University of Liverpool, UK.

10. Harrison, R. G., Connolly, R. C., and A. B. Abdalla, “Kinship of Smenkhkare and Tutankhamen Demonstrated Serologically,” Nature 224, 1969, 325–326.

11. Letter from Ronald Harrison to Ali Abdalla dated January 19, 1970, held in the archive of the University of Liverpool, UK.

12. Connolly, R. C., Harrison, R. G., and S. Ahmed, “Serological Evidence for the Parentage of Tut‘ankhamūn and Smenkhkare,” The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 62, 1976, 184–186.

Other sources include:

Correspondence between Ronald Harrison and others, including Soheir Ahmed, Ali Abdalla, and Paul Johnstone, held in the archive of the University of Liverpool, UK.

1. Harris, J. E., and K. R. Weeks, X-raying the Pharaohs. London: Macdonald, 1973, 126.

2. Ibid, 70.

3. Wente, E. F., “Who Was Who Among the Royal Mummies,” The Oriental Institute News and Notes 144, 1995.

4. Smith, G. E., The Royal Mummies. London: Constable, 1912.

5. Harris, J. E., et al., “Mummy of the ‘Elder Lady’ in the Tomb of Amenhotep II: Egyptian Museum Catalog Number 61070,” Science 200, 1978, 1149–1151.