The Second World War (165 page)

‘
If we are American
’: Anne Applebaum,
New York Review of Books
, 11.11.10

50: The Atomic Bombs and the Subjugation of Japan

‘
A honky-tonk
’: White and Jacoby,
Thunder out of China
, p. 267

Opium trade in Communist areas and inflation
: see Chang and Halliday,
Mao
, pp. 337–41

‘
I just tried to choose
’: Enomoto Masayo in Rees,
Their Darkest Hour
, p. 74; on cannibalism by Japanese forces, see Tanaka,
Hidden Horrors
, pp. 111–34

For Unit 731 and Japanese biological warfare
, see Tanaka,
Hidden Horrors
, pp. 135–65

Experiments on bomber crews
: NA II RG 153/Entry 143/Boxes 1062–73 and 1362–3; Tanaka,
Hidden Horrors
, p. 160

‘
incapacitated soldiers
’: Allied Translator and Interpreter Section Southwest Pacific Area, quoted Tanaka,
Hidden Horrors
, p. 160

‘
Do not survive in shame
’: quoted Hastings,
Nemesis
, p. 57

‘the army had dug
’: quoted Robert P. Newman,
Truman and the Hiroshima Cult
, East Lansing, Mich., 1995, p. 43

‘
they may expect
’: Spector,
Eagle against the Sun
, p. 555

‘
Japan lost the war
’: 37th Division soldiers, quoted Kawano, ‘Japanese Combat Morale’, in Peattie, Drea and van de Ven,
The Battle for China
, p. 328

1,336 cases of rape
: Tanaka,
Hidden Horrors
, p. 103

For Japanese colonists in Manchuria
, see Collingham,
The Taste of War
, p. 62

‘
From then on
’: quoted Tanaka,
Hidden Horrors
, p. 102

Red Army column in Chahar
: Yang Kuisong, ‘Nationalist and Communist Guerrilla Warfare in North China’, in Peattie, Drea and van de Ven,
The Battle for China
, p. 32

‘
deeply, irrevocably convinced
’: Smedley,
China Fights Back
, p. 116

For the race to take Hong Kong
, see Snow,
The Fall of Hong Kong
, pp. 231–62

‘
What’s a Jeep
?’: Wasserstein,
Secret War in Shanghai
, p. 266

‘
widespread practice of cannibalism
’: Tanaka,
Hidden Horrors
, p. 126

‘
to combine the duties
’: Beria to Stalin, 22.6.45, GARF 9401/2/97, pp. 8–10

‘
died as a result of the
interaction
’: Snyder,
Bloodlands
, p. 381

*
Sachsenhausen, like all other German concentration camps at this stage, was not an extermination camp. These camps had been set up very soon after Hitler’s arrival in power in 1933 to hold political opponents, then those the Nazis defined as ‘anti-social’. Nazi policy then was to force Jews through persecution to emigrate. As will become clear, the ‘Holocaust’ or ‘Shoah’ developed only after the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, first by shooting, and then from 1942 by gas.

*
Chemno (or Kulmhof) was the first to be closed in March 1943, although it was briefly reactivated in the summer of 1944 and finally burned down during the retreat of January 1945. Treblinka, Sobibór and Be
ec were closed in the early autumn of 1943. Majdanek (or Lublin) was abandoned in a panic in July 1944 during the Red Army’s rapid advance. In almost all cases the work commandos of mainly Jewish, Soviet and Polish prisoners were massacred as soon as they had finished the task.

Japanese bayonet Chinese prisoners in Nanking

Japanese horse artillery in southern China

Goebbels and Göring

Warsaw, August 1939

Narvik, April 1940

The crew of a French B1 tank surrender

Dunkirk, rescue of survivors from the destroyer
Bourrasque

German aircrew taken prisoner, September 1940