The Root of Thought (26 page)

Exner, Sigmund,
11

extracellular calcium,
46

Ferrier, David,
25

Finkbeiner, Steven,
48

5-Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU),
90

flatworms, glia-to-neuron ratio in,
35

Flourens, Pierre,
25
,
80

Frankenstein
(Shelley),
20

Franklin square,
17

Franklin, Benjamin,
17

Freeman, Walter,
25

Fritsch, Gustav,
22
,
37

Fritz, Gustav,
80

frontal lobotomy,
25

fruit flies, ratio of glia to neurons in,
2

GABA,
56

Gage, Fred,
85
,
93

Gage, Phineas,
134

Galen,
6

Galvani, Luigi,
17–19

Gama, Jean-Pierre,
136

gap junctions,
47–48

Gehrig, Lou,
122

GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein),
127
,
146

Gierke, Edgar von,
34

Glees, Paul,
42

glia

astrocytes.
See
astrocytes

Bergmann glia,
34

and degenerative diseases of brain.
See
degenerative diseases of brain

depolarization,
43

ependymal cells,
32

glia-to-neuron ratio and corresponding behavior,
1

in amphibians,
36

in birds,
36

in cephalopods,
36

in flatworms,
35

in insects,
35

in jellyfish,
35

in leeches,
35

in mammals,
36–37

gliomas

angiogenesis,
147

astrocyte behavior in,
152–153

astrocytomas,
147–148

cognitive problems resulting from,
148–151

glioblastoma multiform,
146–148

glioblastomas,
148

medullablastoma,
149

overview,
3
,
145–146

glutamate-mediated astrocyte-neuron signaling

astrocyte influence on axon outgrowth,
62–63

glutamate concentration in astrocytes,
60

overview,
55–59

release of transmitters from astrocytes,
60–62

importance of,
2–4

influence on hormone secretion,
62

microglia,
32

Müller cells,
31

oligodendricytes,
32

origin of term,
7

overview,
29

radial glia,
66–67

regenerative ability,
2

Schwann cells,
32

tanycytes,
32

twentieth-century research into,
42–43

wavelike nature of communication,
3

glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP),
127
,
146

glioblastoma multiform,
146–148

glioblastomas,
148

gliomas

angiogenesis,
147

astrocyte behavior in,
152–153

astrocytomas,
147–148

cognitive problems resulting from,
148–151

glioblastoma multiform,
146–148

glioblastomas,
148

medullablastoma,
149

overview,
3
,
145–146

glutamate

and ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis),
126

receptors,
56

release from astrocytes,
56

Goldman, Patricia,
66

Golgi, Camillo,
8–13

Golgi complex,
48

Golgi stain,
8–10

Gordon, George, Lord Byron,
20

habituation,
83

Haller, Albrecht von,
26

hallucinogens,
118

Harvey, Thomas,
102–104
,
107
,
110

Haydon, Philip G.,
56–58

Hebb, Donald,
37
,
73
,
82

Hebbian philosophy of neuronal plasticity,
73

helmets,
136

Helmholtz, Hermann von,
7

hemispheres of brain,
26

Henle, Jakob,
33

Herodotus,
7

hippocampus,
81

Hippocrates,
5

history

of electrophysiology

eighteenth-century research into,
16–17
,
26

medical use of electricity in ancient Rome,
15

ninteenth-century research into,
18–22

twentieth-century research into,
23–25

of neuroscience,
7–9
,
12–13

of neuroscientific concepts,
5–13

Hitzig, Eduard,
22
,
37
,
80

HM (memory-impaired patient),
81–82

Hodgkin, Alan,
23

Hoover, J. Edgar,
104

Hubel, David,
72

Hull, Kevin,
106

Hunter, John,
16

Huxley, Aldous,
24

Huxley, Andrew,
24

imagination, passive versus active,
114

improving memory,
79

inositol triphosphate,
48–49

insects, glia-to-neuron ratio in,
35

intelligence versus learning,
85

internal calcium stores,
46

interneurons, prenatal development of,
69

intracellular calcium,
46

James, William,
79

jellyfish, glia-to-neuron ratio in,
35

Kandel, Eric,
82–83

Kennedy, Rosemary,
25

Kennedy, Ted,
147

Kettenmann, Helmet,
56

Kimelberg, Harold,
56

knee jerk reflex,
30

Kolliker, Albreicht von,
8

Korsakoff’s syndrome,
139

Krauss, Elliot,
110

Kuffler, Stephen W.,
42
,
55

Lashley, Karl,
80

learning.
See also
memory

adult neurogenesis,
84

compared to intelligence,
85

habituation,
83

long-term potentiation (LTP),
84–85

reflexive learning,
80

sensitization,
83

synaptogenesis,
82

leeches, glia-to-neuron ratio in,
2
,
35

Leeuwenhoek, Anton von,
7

left brain,
26

left temporal cortex,
38

Lewy Bodies,
124

Lewy, Frederick,
124

Leyden jar,
16–17

limbic system,
69

lithium,
115

Littré, Alexis,
135

lobotomy,
25

localization of thought, twentieth century research into,
24–26

Lømo, Terje,
84

long- versus short-term memory,
79–80

long-term potentiation (LTP),
84–85

Lou Gehrig’s Disease.
See
ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis)

Louis XIV,
16

LSD,
118

LTP (long-term potentiation),
84–85

Luria, Alexander,
134

Maladie de Charcot.
See
ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis)

mammals, glia-to-neuron ratio in,
36–37

mammillary bodies, effect of alcohol on,
139

The Man with a Shattered World
(Luria),
135

manic-depression,
115

marijuana, effect on calcium waves,
117–118

Matteucci, Carlo,
20

memory.
See also
learning

biological basis of,
81–87

adult neurogenesis,
84

astrocyte regeneration,
85–87

hippocampus,
81–82

long-term potentiation (LTP),
84–85

ninteenth-century research,
80–81

synaptogenesis,
82

improving,
79

long-versus short-term memory,
79

overview,
77

personal nature of,
78

plasticity,
79

Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology
(Ebbinghaus),
79

mescaline,
118

mice, ratio of glia to neurons in,
2

microglia,
32

mitochondria,
48

mnemonics,
79

motor cortex,
38

motor neurons,
31

Müller cells,
31

Müller, Heinrich,
31

multiple sclerosis,
152

Murphy, Sean,
43

Musschenbroek, Pieter Van,
16

myelin,
32

Nedergaard, Maiken,
56

Nernst, Walther,
24

neuroglia,
34

Neuroglia: Morphology and Function
(Glees),
42

Neuron Doctrine,
12

weaknesses of,
38–39

neurons