The Resurrection of the Romanovs (53 page)

Notes

This book draws on a number of different archival sources and references. In addition to the authors’ collection of materials on the case of Anna Anderson, which includes numerous documents, letters, and the audio recordings of her conversations made in the 1960s by Alexei Miliukov, we have drawn on the following:

Nicholas Sokolov Archive:
Copies of the multvolume dossier assembled by White Army investigator Nicholas Sokolov during his 1919–1924 inquiry into the murders of the imperial family. These were made available to us during research for our 2003 work
The Fate of the Romanovs
.

Polish State Archives, Warsaw:
Census records for Pomerania and West Prussia, registry records from Borok and Sullenschin, and the records from the former German District Registry Offices of Kreis Stolp, Pomerania, and Sullenschin, West Prussia, items and entries referenced within individual source notes.

GARF:
Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Rossiiskii Federatsii (State Archives of the Russian Federation), Moscow.

APRF:
Arkhiv Presidentsii Rossiiskii Federatsii (Archive of the President of the Russian Federation), Moscow.

TsDOOSO:
Tsentr Dokumentatsii Obshchestvennykh Organizatsii Sverdlovskoi Oblasti (Center for Documentation of the History and Party Organization of the Sverdlovsk Region), Ekaterinburg.

Ian Lilburn Collection:
Archives, documents, and records collected and assembled by Anderson historian Ian Lilburn, and in his private possession in London.

Peter Kurth Collection:
Documents and records collected and assembled by Anderson’s biographer Peter Kurth, and in his private possession.

Staatsarchiv, Darmstadt:
The dossiers, records, depositions, legal notes by Dr. Hans Hermann Krampff and Dr. Gunther von Berenberg-Gossler, and evidence assembled by Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig of Hesse against Anna Anderson’s claim, and continued by his surviving son Prince Ludwig of Hesse. Previously kept at the Hessian royal family’s estate, Wolfsgarten, this was transferred to Darmstadt following the death of Prince Ludwig’s widow, Princess Margaret of Hesse. Most documents in the archive have not yet been assigned formal reference numbers. Where such numbers do exist, we give them in the individual source notes; those materials lacking specific reference numbers have been cited simply as “Staatsarchiv, Darmstadt.”

Hamburg:
Anastasia Prozess, lodged in the Staatsarchiv, Hamburg (most material also reproduced in the Staatsarchiv, Darmstadt). This is the single largest collection of materials related to Anderson’s claim, spanning her thirty-seven-year legal battle to prove that she was Anastasia. Materials from petitions to the Central District Court (Amtsgericht) in Berlin, the High Court (Landesgeriht) in Berlin, and the Court of Appeal (Kammergericht) in Berlin, covering the years 1938–1957, are lodged in Hamburg under the files labeled Bln (for Berlin). When Anderson launched her civil suit against Barbara, Duchess Christian Ludwig of Mecklenburg, the Berlin materials were incorporated into the new record, which covered the trials at the Hanseatic High Court (Landesgericht) in Hamburg, 1957–1961, and the appeal to the Hanseatic Court of Appeals (Oberlandesgericht) in Hamburg, 1964–1967. Material from the 1970 appeal to the West German Federal Supreme Court (Bundesgericht) in Karlsruhe was appended to the existing Berlin and Hamburg records, and is all listed in the Staatsarchiv, Hamburg, under one general heading. To simplify matters, we have referred to all of these materials as “Hamburg,” and given the appropriate reference citations within the individual source notes—for example, Hamburg, IV, 470, indicating volume 4, page 470.

Introduction

1.
Chavchavadze, 228.

2.
See Longworth for further discussion.

3.
See Troyat and Troubetskoy for further discussion.

4.
Chavchavadze, 233.

5.
Tatiana Botkin, affidavit of May 2, 1929, in Hamburg, Bln I/113–127.

6.
Notes of Erika von Redern, secretary to Edward Fallows, from records and bulletin of Dalldorf Asylum, May 16, 1929, cited in Kurth, 6; Dr. Karl Bonhoeffer, report of March 18, 1926, quoting Elisabeth Hospital admission report of February 18, 1920, in Hamburg, XIV/2389–2402; See Auclères in
Le Figaro
, February 5, 1965, and September 24, 1969; Kurth, 330–331.

7.
Schiller Report, cited in Kurth, 32; Dr. Theodor Eitel, report of December 22, 1926, in Hamburg, VIII/1394–1402.

8.
See Horan, 141.

9.
Dr. Serge Rudnev, report of March 1926, in Hamburg, XIV/2485–2488; Dr. Serge Rudnev, affidavit of July 18, 1938, in Hamburg, Bln I/134–138; diary of Faith Lavington, entry of November 15, 1927, in Hamburg, XXXIV/6402–6428.

10.
Auclères, 249.

11.
See Summers and Mangold, 227–228.

12.
See Kurth, 57.

13.
Rathlef-Keilmann, 106.

14.
Olga Alexandrovna to Anna Anderson (hereafter AA in Notes), undated letter, autumn 1925, in “Application to the Amstgericht Court, Berlin, in the matter of the Estate of Anastasia Nikolaievna Romanov, Case No. 461.VE.733/38,” pleading submitted by Paul Leverkuehn and Kurt Vermehren on behalf of AA, October 31, 1938, and lodged in Hamburg under Bln, 33.

1 “My God, What a Disappointment!”

1.
Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna, diary entry of June 5/18, 1901, in Maylunas and Mironenko, 206.

2.
Nicholas II, diary entry of June 5/18, 1901, in Maylunas and Mironenko, 206.

3.
Eagar, 52; details drawn from imperial christenings described in Buxhoeveden,
Life and Tragedy
, 103–105; Buxhoeveden,
Before the Storm
, 238–241; and Marie Pavlovna,
Education
, 66.

4.
Buxhoeveden,
Life and Tragedy
, 103–105; Eagar, 52; Buxhoeveden,
Before the Storm
, 240; Marie Pavlovna,
Education
, p. 66.

5.
Prince Christopher of Greece, 55.

6.
Gilliard,
Thirteen Years
, 76; Colonel Eugene Kobylinsky, statement of April 6–10, 1919, in Sokolov Archive, vol. 3, doc. 29.

7.
Anastasia Nikolaievna, letter to Nicholas II, October 28, 1916 (Old Style), in Maylunas and Mironenko, 406; Anastasia Nikolaievna, letter to Nicholas II, May 8, 1913 (Old Style), in GARF, F. 601, Op. 1, D. 1156; Anastasia Nikolaievna to Nicholas II, letter of September 23, 1914 (Old Style), in Maylunas and Mironenko, 402.

8.
Gilliard,
Thirteen Years
, 93.

9.
Buxhoeveden,
Life and Tragedy
, 150.

10.
Vyrubova, 76; Gilliard,
Thirteen Years
, 62–63.

11.
Vyrubova, 77; Buxhoeveden,
Life and Tragedy
, 157; Dehn, 78; Gilliard,
Thirteen Years
, 73.

12.
Gilliard,
Thirteen Years
, 75; Buxhoeveden,
Life and Tragedy
, 158.

13.
Gilliard,
Thirteen Years
, 75.

14.
Hough, 265.

15.
Gilliard,
Thirteen Years
, 75; Dehn, 79; Buxhoeveden,
Life and Tragedy
, 158; Vyrubova, 78.

16.
Buxhoeveden,
Life and Tragedy
, 156.

17.
Dehn, 78.

18.
Buxhoeveden,
Life and Tragedy
, 156.

19.
Botkin,
Au Temps des Tsars
, 81; Dehn, 78.

20.
Vorres, 111–112; Olga Alexandrovna to Princess Irene of Hesse, Princess Heinrich of Prussia, letter of December 22, 1925 (this letter is misdated 1926), in Hamburg, Bln III, 181–182; Alexandra Feodorovna to Nicholas II, letter of January 8, 1916, in GARF, F. 601, Op. 1, D. 1150.

21.
Botkin,
The Woman Who Rose Again
, 23.

22.
Vorres, 112; Xenia Georgievna, Mrs. Herman Jud, testimony of February 10, 1958, at the West German consulate, New York City, in Hamburg, IV/749–751.

23.
Chavchavadze, 57; Xenia Georgievna, Mrs. Herman Jud, testimony of March 16–17, 1959, at the West German consulate, New York City, in Hamburg, VII, 1214–1230.

24.
Eagar, 20–21;
www.alexanderpalace.org
; Dehn, 79.

25.
Vyrubova, 77; Dehn, 79; Buxhoeveden,
Life and Tragedy
, 156.

26.
Dehn, 78–79; Eagar, 21.

27.
Vyrubova, 77–78; Buxhoeveden,
Life and Tragedy
, 157–158.

28.
Dehn, 78.

29.
Buxhoeveden,
Life and Tragedy
, 157.

30.
Vyrubova, 57–58.

31.
Eagar, 39; Vyrubova, 58; Volkov, 65–66; Dehn, 46.

32.
Gilliard,
Thirteen Years
, 83.

33.
Vyrubova, 56–59.

34.
Mossolov, 62–64; Voyekov, 216.

35.
Eagar, 272.

36.
Buxhoeveden,
Before the Storm
, 320–321; Buxhoeveden,
Life and Tragedy
, 150.

37.
Gilliard,
Thirteen Years
, 77.

38.
Vyrubova, 79.

39.
Ibid.

40.
Vyrubova, 80; Buxhoeveden,
Life and Tragedy
, 156.

41.
Vorres, 112.

42.
Grabbe and Grabbe, 69.

43.
Mossolov, 241–242.

2 The Imp

1.
Grabbe and Grabbe, 69.

2.
Gilliard,
Thirteen Years
, 12, 17.

3.
Gilliard and Savitch, 14.

4.
Ibid.

5.
Charles Sidney Gibbes to Alexander Mikhailovich, letter of December 1, 1928, in Hamburg, XXIII, 4403–4404.

6.
Alexandra Feodorovna to Margaret Jackson, letter of August 19, 1912, in Buxhoeveden,
Life and Tragedy
, 129.

7.
Gilliard,
Thirteen Years
, 77; Vyrubova, 73; Buxhoeveden,
Life and Tragedy
, 156.

8.
Gilliard and Savitch, 14.

9.
Trewin, 10, 29.

10.
Trewin, 13–17; Benagh, 11–18.

11.
See Trewin for several examples of Anastasia’s later English compositions and her questionable grasp of the written language.

12.
Gilliard,
Thirteen Years
, 76–77; Gilliard, in the
Illustrated London News
, July 16, 1927, 102–103; Gilliard and Savitch, 14–18.

13.
Verdict of the Bundesgerichthof (West German Federal Supreme Court), Karlsruhe, February 17, 1970, appended to Hamburg, loose.

14.
Item No. 8, German Composition Book, “A. Romanova, February 16, 1916, Tsarskoye Selo,” receipt dated April 22, 1964, in Hamburg, XX, 3834.

15.
Gilliard and Savitch, 18; Gibbes, statement of July 1, 1919, in Sokolov Archive, vol. 5, doc. 31; Buxhoeveden statement of March 12, 1922, in Gilliard and Savitch, 36.

16.
Gilliard,
Thirteen Years
, 75, 77.

17.
Gilliard and Savitch, 15.

18.
Vorres, 112.

19.
Trewin, 74; Buxhoeveden,
Life and Tragedy
, 155–156.

20.
Botkin,
Real Romanovs
, 179.

21.
Rathlef-Keilmann, 51; Olga Alexandrovna to Princess Irene of Hesse, Princess Heinrich of Prussia, letter of December 22, 1925, in Hamburg, Bln III, 181–182; Gilliard and Savitch, 78; statement of Maria von Hesse in Gilliard and Savitch, 141.

22.
Gilliard and Savitch, 16.

23.
Gilliard,
Thirteen Years
, 75–76; Dehn, 78.

24.
Vorres, 112.

25.
Vyrubova, 77, 80.

26.
Mossolov, 247.

27.
Anastasia Nikolaievna to Nicholas II, letter of May 8, 1913 (OS), in GARF, F. 601, Op. 1, D. 1156.

28.
Anastasia Nikolaievna to Nicholas II, letter of October 28, 1914 (OS), in Maylunas and Mironenko, 406; Anastasia Nikolaievna to Nicholas II, letter of January 5, 1916 (OS), at
www.alexanderpalace.org
; Anastasia Nikolaievna to Nicholas II, letter of August 16, 1916 (OS), at
www.alexanderpalace.org
.

29.
Vorres, 110.

30.
Buxhoeveden,
Life and Tragedy
, 296.

31.
Vyrubova, 46.

32.
Fromenko, 15; Vyrubova, 48.

33.
See King,
The Court of the Last Tsar
, 276–277; Spiridovich, 1:193.

34.
Grabbe and Grabbe, 57.

35.
Grabbe and Grabbe, 105–107; Buxhoeveden,
Life and Tragedy
, 119–120; Vyrubova, 18; Gilliard,
Thirteen Years
, 71–74.

36.
Nicholas II to Dowager Empress Marie Feodorovna, letter of October 20, 1912, in Bing, 275.

37.
Vyrubova, 91.

38.
Ibid., 92.

39.
Gilliard,
Thirteen Years
, 29; Vyrubova, 93.

40.
Naryshkin-Kuryakina, 196.

41.
Vyrubova, 93.

42.
Prince Sigismund of Prussia, affidavit, July 5, 1938, in Hamburg, Bln I, 113.

43.
See Duff, 289.

44.
Naryshkin-Kuryakina, 196.

45.
Gilliard,
Thirteen Years
, 29.

46.
Gilliard,
Thirteen Years
, 29–31; Vyrubova, 93.

47.
Vyrubova, 94.

48.
Vorres, 130.

49.
Spiridovich, 2:234–235; Dzhunkovsky, 2:195–199; Kokovtsov, 169.

3 Into the Abyss

1.
Buxhoeveden,
Life and Tragedy
, 185; Gilliard,
Thirteen Years
, 105–106.