The Republic and The Laws (Oxford World's Classics) (43 page)

REMUS
(the
e
is short): brother of Romulus. ‘Romulus’ and ‘Remus’ may have been the Etruscan and Greek forms of the same name. So Ogilvie 46. For discussions of the legend, see Ogilvie 46–8; Cornell 57–63.
R.
2. 4; L. 1.
8
.

ROMULUS
(the o is long): mythical founder of Rome. See under Remus, above.
R.
T.
25, 58, 64; 2. 4, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 50, 51, 52, 53; 3. 47; 6. 24; L. 1. 3, 8; 2.
33
.

ROSCIUS GALLUS, QUINTUS
: d. 62. Rome’s most famous
actor
(see Garton’s index). Sulla made him a knight—a rank which involved a fortune of at least 400,000 sesterces.
L.
1.
11
.

RUTILIUS RUFUS, PUBLIUS
: pupil of Panaetius in philosophy, Publius Scaevola in law, and Servius Sulpicius Galba in oratory. Consul 105. In 94 he offended the knights by his reorganization of the finances of Asia Minor. He was convicted unfairly of extortion in 92, and went into exile in Asia Minor, where he was welcomed with honour.
R.
1. 13,
17
.

RUTULI
: an ancient people of Latium, whose capital was Ardea, some 20 miles (32 km.) south of Rome. Ardea was the home of Turnus in the
Aeneid. R.
2.
5
.

SABAZIUS
: the Phrygian Dionysus or Zeus. His rites, ridiculed by Aristophanes and Demosthenes, were supposed to remove inherited guilt and to guarantee admission to the banquets of the blessed. L. 2.
37
.

SABINES
: a people living in the hills north-east of Rome. They were in intermittent conflict with the Romans from regal times down to 449, when they suffered a heavy defeat. They became Roman citizens in 268 and were quickly assimilated. R. 2. 12, 13, 14, 25, 36; 3. 7, 40;
L.
2.
3
.

SAMNITES
: a hardy people living to the east of Latium. Rome’s main Italian rival in the fourth century, they assisted Pyrrhus and Hannibal in the third, and continued to oppose the Romans down to the time of Sulla.
R.
3. 7,
40
.

SATURN
: an old god identified by the Romans with the Greek Kronos, who was ousted by Zeus and took refuge in Latium, where he presided over a golden age. One of the seven planets.
R.
6.
17
.

SCAEVOLA
(1),
PUBLIUS MUCIUS
: consul 133; an eminent lawyer; opponent of Scipio; adviser of Ti. Gracchus.
R.
1. 20, 31; L. 2. 47, 50, 52,
57
.

SCAEVOLA
(2),
QUINTUS MUCIUS “THE AUGUR
’: son-in-law of Laelius; consul 117; a distinguished lawyer who taught Cicero.
R.
1. 18, 33;
L.
1. 13.
SCAEVOLA
(3),
QUINTUS MUCIUS “THE PONTIFEX
’: son of Publius Mucius. He published the first systematic treatise on civil law. Reorganized the province of Asia Minor. Pontifex maximus in 89. Murdered in 82.
L.
2. 47, 49, 50, S
²
”

SCAEVOLA
(4),
QUINTUS MUCIUS
: tribune 54; friend of Quintus Cicero; mentioned as a poet by Pliny the Younger
(Letters
5. 3. 5).
L.
T. T (?). SCAURUS, MARCUS AEMILIUS
: consul
T T
5, married a Metella and became leader of the Metellus faction. Censor 109. In 100 led the Senate against Saturninus and his supporters. L. 3.
36
.

SCIPIO (I) CALVUS, GNAEUS CORNELIUS
: consul 222. Was sent to Spain to work with his brother (Scipio 2) against the Carthaginian Hasdrubal. They captured Saguntum in 212, but both were defeated and killed in 211.
R.
r. 1; 4.
11
.

SCIPIO
(2),
PUBLIUS CORNELIUS
: consul 218; father of Scipio Africanus Major (3). Defeated by Hannibal in 218, sent to Spain in 217, where he met his death. R. 1. 1; 4.
11
.

SCIPIO
(3)
AFRICANUS MAJOR, PUBLIUS CORNELIUS:
236–183; son of Scipio (2). He established Roman power in Spain (210—206); he then invaded Africa and eventually overcame Hannibal at Zama (202). R.
T. T,
27; 6. 10, 15, 17, 20, 26, frag. 3, 4; L. 2.
57
.

SCIPIO
(4)
AEMILIANUS AFRICANUS MINOR, PUBLIUS CORNELIUS
: see Introd. pp. xviii-xix and the study by Astin.

SCIPIO
(5)
NASICA SERAPIO, PUBLIUS CORNELIUS
: consul 138 (see Curiatius, Gaius). In 133, when Ti. Gracchus agitated for a second tribunate, Nasica led a crowd of senators to the assembly, where they killed Gracchus and large numbers of his followers, thus incurring the odium of the people.
R.
1. 6; L. 3.
20
.

SERVIUS SULPICIUS GALBA
: consul 144. A famous orator; but as a general he contributed to Rome’s reputation for treachery in Spain.
R.
3.
42
.

SERVIUS TULLIUS
: sixth king of Rome (578–535). For discussion of the problems concerning his reign, see Cornell, index under Tullius.
R.
2. 37,
38
.

SESTIUS, LUCIUS
: a patrician tried for murder before the Assembly of the Centuries.
R.
2.
61
.

SIMONIDES OF CEOS:
e.556–468. A famous lyric and elegiac poet. For testimonia and fragments, see Campbell, iii. 330 -59T.
R.
2.
20
.

SISENNA, LUCIUS CORNELIUS
: praetor 78; defended Verres against Cicero (70); legate of Pompey in Crete, where he died (67). After a brief account of Rome’s origins, his history concentrated on the Sullan period between 90 and (probably) 78. Sallust found him lacking in candour
(Bellum lugurtbinum
95. 2), and Cicero here and in
Brutus
228 is lukewarm in his praise.
L.
T.
7
.

SOCRATES:
469–399. The famous Athenian philosopher who focused his attention on ethics and developed a characteristic form of interrogation, affecting ignorance. He was condemned for subverting the morals of the young, and though he could have escaped he preferred to face death. His personality has been immortalized by his pupil, Plato.
R.
1. 15,
T
6; 2. 3, 22, 5
^T
; 3. 5;
^L
- !• 33, 56; 2.
6
.

SOLON
: a famous Athenian legislator in the first quarter of the sixth century. His financial measures included the cancellation of debts and the issue of a new coinage. He set up a council of 400, had magistrates appointed by lot, established citizen courts, and reorganized the orders of society, thus planting the seeds of democracy.
R.
2. 2, 59; L. 1. 57; 2. 59,
64
.

SPARTANS
: see Lacedaemonians.

SPEUSIPPUS
: took over the headship of the Academy on the death of his uncle, Plato (347), and then attempted to extract a unified doctrine from the dialogues. L. 1.
38
.

SPURIUS CASSIUS
: consul for the third time in 486. He was executed on suspicion of plotting to be king, perhaps mainly because of his popular sympathies.
R.
2. 49, 57,
60
.

SPURIUS TARPEIUS
: consul 454. With his colleague Aulus Aternius he introduced a law regulating the payment of fines. He negotiated with the plebs in 449 (Livy 3. 50. 15), and was co-opted to the tribunate in 448. Evidently a conciliatory aristocrat. R. 2.
60
.

STATA MATER
: an old goddess who was supposed to give protection against fire. Her name was derived from
sisto
(I stop) rather than
sto
(I stand). L. 2.
28
.

SULLA, LUCIUS CORNELIUS
: c.i3 8–78. He fought against Jugurtha and later against the Italian allies. Consul in 88, he then went east to confront Mithri-dates. On his return he marched on Rome in 82, and after much slaughter began his programme to re-establish the power of the aristocracy. This
included an expansion of the Senate, a drastic reduction in the power of the tribunes, and the creation of seven criminal courts with senatorial juries. L. 2. 56, 57; 3- 2.2”

SULPICIUS GALUS, GAIUS
: an astronomer who predicted the eclipse of the moon on 21 June 168. Consul 166.
R.
1. 21, 22,
23
.

SULPICIUS RUFUS, PUBLIUS
: tribune in 88, he wanted, like Livius Drusus, to distribute the newly-enfranchised Italians over all the thirty-five tribes. When opposed by the Senate, he enlisted the support of Marius and pushed through his programme. Sulla, however, took over the capital, and Sulpicius was hunted down and killed. L. 3.
20
.

TARQUINIUS PRISCUS, LUCIUS
: fifth king of Rome (616–579), said to be the son of Demaratus of Corinth. The story of the eagle snatching off and replacing his cap (an omen of future kingship) is told in Livy 1. 34. 8. For the Tarquin family tree, see Cornell 123. R. 2. 35, 37, 38; L. 1.
4
.

TARQUINIUS, SEXTUS
: the most famous rapist in history. His father had made him king in Gabii; but when the inhabitants heard about his violation of Lucretia, they put him to death (Livy 1. 54, 57–8, 60). L. 2.
TO.

TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS, LUCIUS
: last king of Rome (534–509). ‘Under his rule Rome became the dominant power in central Italy, and its prosperity was reflected in the monumental development of the city’ (Cornell t21). In the tradition, however, he is also a ruthless tyrant. After his son’s rape of Lucretia the family was expelled.
R.
1. 62; 2. 28, 46, 51, 52; L. 2.
10
.

TATIUS, TITUS
: a Sabine king. After the peace brought about by the abducted Sabine women (Livy 1. 13. 5–8, 14. 1–2) he reigned jointly with Romulus until his death.
R.
2. 13,
14
.

TAURIANS
: a people living on the mountainous south coast of the Crimea. Their maiden goddess, to whom strangers were sacrificed (Herodotus 4. 103) was identified with the Greek Artemis.
R.
3.
15
.

THALES OF MILETUS
: according to tradition, b. 640. He is supposed to have predicted the solar eclipse of 28 May 585. The numerous discoveries and sayings attributed to him are listed in D.L. 1. 1. These include the contention that water is the primary substance underlying everything, and that the world is animate and full of divinities.
R.
1. 22, 25; L. 2.
26
.

THEMISTOCLES:
C.
528–462. He used the revenue from the mines at Laurium to build a fleet, which he commanded successfully against the Persians at Salamis (480). Subsequently, however, he lost influence, and c.470 was driven into exile by a vote of the people.
R.
1.
5
.

THEOPHRASTUS: C
.370
-C
.285. He succeeded his teacher, Aristotle, in 323 as Head of the Peripatetic school; he produced a wide range of work on biology, physics, and ethics, and also on politics and law (D.L. 5. 42–50). L. 1. 38; 2. 15; 3. 13,
14
.

THEOPOMPUS OF CHIOS:
c.378–300. A pupil of Isocrates and a prolific historian. He continued Thucydides’ work from 411 to 394, concentrating on
the supremacy of Sparta. He also wrote a universal history in 58 books, starting from the accession of Philip of Macedon in 359.
R.
2. 58;
L. t.
5; 3.
16
.

THESEUS
: legendary hero of Attica, which he is supposed to have unified into one state with Athens as its capital. For his numerous exploits, of which the most famous is his killing of the Minotaur and his elopement with Ariadne, see Plutarch,
Theseus. R.
2. 2;
L.
2.
5
.

TIMAEUS:
(1) of Locri in S. Italy. A Pythagorean philosopher, chief speaker in Plato’s
Timaeus. R.
1.
16
.

(2) of Tauromenium in north-east Sicily: c.356–260. Fled to Athens, where he lived for 50 years. He wrote a history of Sicily in 38 books, which was admired by Polybius and Cicero.
R.
3. 43;
L. z.
15
.

TIMOTHEUS OF MILETUS
: c.450–360. He developed the range of the lyre by increasing the number of its strings from seven to twelve, and was criticized for doing so.
L. z.
39
.

TITANS
: children of Heaven and Earth. Their struggle against Zeus is recounted by Hesiod,
Theogony
664–721.
L.
3.
5
.

TITIUS, SEXTUS
: tribune 99, proposed an agrarian law which was subsequently cancelled. In 98 he was convicted of treason, mainly because he kept a portrait of Apuleius Saturninus in his house.
L.
2. 14,
31
.

TITIES
: the tribe named after Titus Tatius (see above).
R.
2.
36
.

TORQUATUS, AULUS MANLIUS
: consul 244, 241; censor 247. L. 2.
55
.

TRICIPITINUS
: see Lucretius.
R.
2.
46
.

TUBERO, QUINTUS AELIUS
: Scipio’s nephew; a Stoic jurist.
R.
1. 14, 17, 23, 26, 29, 31; 2. 64,
65
.

TUBERTUS, PUBLIUS POSTUMIUS
: consul 505 and 504. He campaigned successfully against the Sabines (Livy 2. 16). L. 2.
58
.

TUDITANUS, GAIUS SEMPRONIUS
: consul 129. He overcame the Iapydes in Illyria thanks to his lieutenant D. Junius Brutus. He wrote extensively about the Roman magistrates.
R.
i.
14
.