The Red Badge of Courage and Other Stories (35 page)

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. bushwacker: Guerilla fighter

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. banshee: A fairy whose wailing foretells death.

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. A parody of a nursery rhyme (“Five and twenty blackbirds baked in a pie”).

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. phillipic: A passionate speech filled with anger.

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. wafer: According to the discredited Christian-allegorical reading of the novel, the “sun” = the “Son” or the resurrected Christ in the heavens like a communion wafer. Crane more likely borrowed the image from chapter 3 of Rudyard Kipling's
The Light That Failed
(1899): “The sun shone, a blood-red wafer, on the water.” That is, Crane and Kipling compare the sun to a wafer of wax used to seal a letter.

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. Joseph Katz,
The Portable Stephen Crane
(New York: Viking, 1969), p. 257: “The Plank road, a continuation of the United States Ford road to the southeast of Chancellorsville, was one of three available routes between Chancellorsville and Fredericksburg.”

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. “asleep for a thousand years”: According to Revelations 20:2, Satan was to be bound for a thousand years or a millennium at the second coming of Christ.

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. “All quiet on the Rappahannock”: Katz, p. 276: “In his description of life in the Union encampment during the winter, Confederate Col. John S. Mosby (
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War,
III, 149) recorded the reference on which Henry's joke would have depended: ‘The troops had been having an easy, lazy life, which was described in the stereotyped message sent every night to the Northern press, “All quiet along the Potomac.” ' ”

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. chin music: Excessive talking or babbling.

1
. A popular folk saying, it also appears in
Toilers in London
(London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1889), pp. 17-18.

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. cowboy: In its original, derogatory sense, a reckless, rough, and wild herder of cattle.

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. elfin thoughts: Fantasies.

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. gluttering: Also in the manuscript. Apparently a corruption of “guttering,” the dripping of a candle.

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. “hot plowshares”: “They shall beat their swords into plowshares” (Isaiah 2:4).

1
. “whites of their eyes”: In order to conserve gunpowder, the Revolutionary commanders at the Battle of Bunker Hill on 16 June 1775 instructed their soldiers confronting the Tories not to fire “until you see the whites of their eyes.”

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. Chancellorsville: “Lee's greatest victory,” a battle fought 1-4 May 1863 some twelve miles west of Fredericksburg in northern Virginia.

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. genie: A spirit ostensibly under the control of Solomon.

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. Pullman: A railroad passenger car manufactured by the company of George Pullman (1831-1897). A nationwide strike against the Pullman company in 1893 led by the union leader Eugene V. Debs (1855-1926) largely paralyzed rail traffic in the West.

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. mesquit or mesquite: Shrub-like tree indigenous to the American Southwest.

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. Pullman passenger cars were often staffed by African-American porters and waiters who lived on the south side of Chicago and depended on tips for a livelihood.

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. The character Jack Potter was actually named for a prominent cattleman in south Texas at the time Crane visited there in 1895. See Lisa Thalacker, “Jack Potter: Fictional Sheriff and Legendary Cowboy,”
American Literary Realism,
36 (Winter 2004), pp. 180-83.

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. The Southern Pacific Railroad connection between El Paso and San Antonio was completed in 1883.

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. Winchester: A repeating rifle manufactured in many models, the so-called “gun that won the West” after the Civil War.

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. A number of garment sweatshops were located on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, most notoriously the Triangle Shirtwaist Company just east of Washington Square, where 146 workers, most of them young immigrant seamstresses, were killed in a fire in 1911.

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. Palace Hotel: The original luxury hotel in San Francisco, opened in 1875.

2
. High-Five: An American card game related to All Fours that “may be played by two to six participants.” See James Ellis, “The Game of High-Five in ‘The Blue Hotel,' ”
American Literature,
49 (November 1977), pp. 440-442.

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. Probably an allusion to Tennyson's poem “The Dying Swan” (1827):

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. Lincoln: The capital of Nebraska, with approximately 50,000 residents in 1890.

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. Dutchman: Usually a resident of Holland; also may refer to a German (Deutschmann).

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. dime novels: Pulp novels usually set at this time in the American West featuring such characters as Calamity Jane, Deadwood Dick, and Buffalo Bill and priced at ten cents per copy.

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. Pollywog Club: Fictional club.

1
. Built in 1882 for harbor tug work in New York, the
Commodore
sank twelve miles off the coast of Florida in 75 feet of water.

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. “lighthouse so tiny”: The Ponce de Leon Light Station at Mosquito Inlet, ten miles south of Daytona Beach on the Florida coast, was completed in 1887.

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. “seven mad gods”: Crane refers to the seven gods who rule the sea in Greek mythology: Poseidon, Triton, Oceanus, Pontus, Nereus, Proteus, and Phercys.

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. St. Augustine: A city some fifty miles north of Daytona Beach on the Florida coast.

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. A compressed version of the first stanza of Caroline E. S. S. Nor-ton's poem “Bingen on the Rhine” (1867):