The Queen's Agent: Francis Walsingham at the Court of Elizabeth I (48 page)

11
Irish language as contaminant: Patricia Palmer,
Language and Conquest in Early Modern Ireland
(Cambridge, 2001), 76–80. Old English priests: Steven Ellis,
Tudor Ireland: Crown, Community and the Conflict of Cultures, 1470–1603
(London, 1985), 221–2.

12
Stucley, Fitzgerald and the Desmond rebellion:
APC
X (1577–8), 236, 245, 257–8; Rapple,
Martial Power
, 75, 113–18; Peter Holmes, ‘Thomas Stucley’ in
Oxford DNB
.

13
Enniscorthy:
Calendar of the Carew Manuscripts
II (1575–88), 343; David Edwards, ‘The Escalation of Violence in Sixteenth-Century Ireland’, in David Edwards, Pádraig Lenihan and Clodagh Tait (eds),
Age of Atrocity: Violence and Political Conflict in Early Modern Ireland
(Dublin, 2007), 71–2. Youghal: TNA SP 63/70, fol. 47v;
Walsingham Letter Book
, 257. 

14
Smerwick: TNA SP 63/78, fol. 72–3; Vincent P. Carey, ‘Atrocity and History: Grey, Spenser and the Slaughter at Smerwick’, in Edwards,
Age of Atrocity
, 79–94. Edward Denny: TNA SP 63/78, fol. 62v. Bingham’s Irish career and relationship with Walsingham are examined in Rapple,
Martial Power
, chapter 7.

15
Sidney’s defence: Ciarán Brady (ed.),
A Viceroy’s Vindication? Sir Henry Sidney’s Memoir of Service in Ireland 1556–1578
(Cork, 2002), 13–16;
Calendar of the Carew Manuscripts
II (1575–88), 334–60. The right Antichrist: TNA SP 63/78, fol. 62–5; Carey, ‘Atrocity and History’, 90–3.

16
Death in Munster: Malby to Walsingham 12 Oct. 1579, TNA SP 63/69, fol. 108v; Bingham to Walsingham 20 Sep. 1580, TNA SP 63/76, fol. 103r; Meade to Walsingham 8 Feb. 1582, TNA 63/89, fol. 52r; figures and analysis indebted to Anthony M. McCormack, ‘The Social and Economic Consequences of the Desmond Rebellion of 1579–83’,
Irish Historical Studies
34 (2004), 1–15.

17
Irish as pagans: Huntington Library Bridgewater and Ellesmere, EL 1701, fol. 2v; Canny, ‘Ideology of Colonization’, 583–6.

18
Queen’s and King’s Counties:
Walsingham Letter Book
, 42; Connolly,
Contested Island
, 116–18, 148–50. Smith and Essex in Ulster: Ellis,
Tudor Ireland
, 266–8.

19
Crown control: Michael MacCarthy-Morrogh,
The Munster Plantation: English Migration to Southern Ireland 1583–1641
(Oxford, 1986), 46. To go over from hence: TNA SP 63/114, fol. 124v–125r.

20
Surveying the land: MacCarthy-Morrogh,
Munster Plantation
, 4–16.

21
Thorough reformation: Waterhouse to Walsingham 4 Nov. 1579, TNA SP 63/70, fol. 7v; Waterhouse to Walsingham 20 April 1580, TNA SP 63/72, fol. 147r; Fenton to Walsingham 11 July 1580, TNA SP 63/74, fol. 41r; ‘A plot touching the peopling of Munster’, TNA SP 63/121, fol. 193; Canny,
Making Ireland British
, 121–34. John Cooper (no relation): MacCarthy-Morrogh,
Munster Plantation
, 74–5.

22
Walsingham as undertaker:
Calendar of the Carew Manuscripts
II (1575–88), 450–1; MacCarthy-Morrogh,
Munster Plantation
, 23, 40.

23
Herbert at Castleisland: ibid., 124–7.

24
Bingham: Rapple,
Martial Power
, 259. Fire and sword: Malby to Walsingham 17 Mar. 1577, TNA SP 63/57/40. Faith and fatherland: Mícheál Mac Craith, ‘The Gaelic Reaction to the Reformation’, in Steven G. Ellis and Sarah Barber (eds),
Conquest and Union: Fashioning a British State, 1485–1725
(London, 1995), 144–6.

25
Carleill and the
Tiger
: Lloyd,
Elizabethan Adventurer
, 111, 133–4. Salmon, cod and the godly: TNA SP 12/155, fol. 201–10; Christopher Carleill,
A Breef and Sommarie Discourse upon the entended Voyage to the Hethermoste Partes of America
(1583), STC 4626.5, sig. A3r.

26
My principal patron: Gilbert to Walsingham 23 Sep. 1578, in D. B. Quinn (ed.),
The Voyages and Colonising Enterprises of Sir Humphrey Gilbert
(London, 1940), I, 199–200. Of not good happ by sea: Gilbert to Walsingham 7 Feb. 1583, ibid., II, 339–41. Walsingham’s £50 subscription: Read,
Walsingham
, III, 403.

27
Gold mining: McDermott,
Frobisher
, 154–9, 186. Walsingham’s farm of the customs: Read,
Walsingham
, III, 383–91, where his profits on the lease are averaged out at over 58 per cent.

28
Questions of sovereignty: Ken MacMillan,
Sovereignty and Possession in the English New World
(Cambridge, 2006), chapter 2; Sherman,
Dee
, 182–9; David Armitage, ‘The Elizabethan Idea of Empire’,
TRHS
6th series, 14 (2004), 269–77;
The Private Diary of Dr John Dee
, ed. J. O. Halliwell (London, 1842), 4–9.

29
Dee’s library and its visitors: Sherman,
Dee
, 30–8; R. Julian Roberts, ‘John Dee’ in
Oxford DNB; Private Diary of Dr John Dee
, 3, 9, 18–19; McDermott,
Frobisher
, 132. Walsingham, Dee and the Gregorian calendar: Benjamin Woolley,
The Queen’s Conjuror: The Science and Magic of Dr Dee
(London, 2001), 193–4. Adrian Gilbert: Raleigh Trevelyan,
Sir Walter Raleigh
(London, 2002), 4, 66–8. Ursula as godmother:
Private Diary of Dr John Dee
, 33.

30
Gilbert, Davis and the north-west passage company: Read,
Walsingham
, III, 404–5; Michael Hicks, ‘John Davis’ in
Oxford DNB
. Raid on Mortlake: Woolley,
Queen’s Conjuror
, 306–8. Cod for Lord Burghley: David Beers Quinn,
England and the Discovery of America, 1481–1620
(London, 1974), 316. Burghley’s Ortelius: Stephen Alford,
Burghley: William Cecil at the Court of Elizabeth I
(New Haven and London, 2008), 236.

31
Catholics in America: George Peckham,
A True Reporte of the Late Discoveries and Possession of the New-Found Landes
(1583), STC 19523; Quinn,
Enterprises of Sir Humphrey Gilbert
, II, 245–78; Quinn,
England and the Discovery of America
, 371–81; James McDermott, ‘Sir George Peckham’ in
Oxford DNB
.

32
Claiming Newfoundland: Peckham,
True Reporte
; MacMillan,
Sovereignty and Possession
, 111–13.

33
The very walls of this our Island: Richard Hakluyt,
The Principall Navigations, Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation
(1589), STC 12625, sig. *3r. Hakluyt the elder: Taylor,
Original Writings
, I, 116; MacMillan,
Sovereignty and Possession
, 76–7, 124–5.

34
Hakluyt and Walsingham: Taylor,
Original Writings
, I, 196–7, 205–7; Richard Hakluyt,
A Particuler Discourse concerninge the Greate Necessitie and Manifolde Commodyties that are Like to Growe to this Realme of Englande by the Westerne Discoveries Lately Attempted
, ed. D. B. and A. Quinn (London, 1993), xv–xxxi; Peter C. Mancall,
Hakluyt’s Promise: An Elizabethan’s Obsession for an English America
(New Haven and London, 2007), 102–3, 115–21, 128–35. Palavicini: Hakluyt,
Particuler Discourse
, 199.

35
Discourse of Western Planting
: Taylor,
Original Writings
, II, 211–326; Sacks, ‘Discourses of Western Planting’; MacMillan,
Sovereignty and Possession
, 50, 67–8, 80. Richard Hakluyt, Preacher: Taylor,
Original Writings
, I, 207.

36
Traffic: ibid., II, 274. Fifteen million souls: ibid., II, 259. Glad tidings of the gospel: ibid., II, 216. Aesop’s crow: ibid., II, 249.

37
Commons committee: D. B. Quinn (ed.),
The Roanoke Voyages 1584–1590
(London, 1955), I, 122–6. Raleigh’s seal and the kingdom of Virginia: ibid., I, 147, 199. Atkinson and Russell: ibid., I, 197–8. Walsingham as adventurer: Grenville to Walsingham 29 Oct. 1585, in ibid., I, 218–21. Martin Laurentson: ibid., I, 226–8.

38
Secotan nation: Lee Miller,
Roanoke: Solving the Mystery of England’s Lost Colony
(London, 2000), 263–7. Considering English sources alongside Algonquian linguistic and ethnological evidence, Miller finds no evidence for Quinn’s separate Roanoke tribe; the Secotan country extended to the island as well as the mainland.

39
Fernandes and Walsingham: Quinn,
England and the Discovery of America
, chapter 9. To annoy the King of Spain: Read,
Walsingham
, III, 102–3.

40
The
Tiger
aground: Lane to Walsingham 12 Aug. 1585, in Quinn,
Roanoke Voyages
, I, 201–2; the
Tiger
journal in ibid., I, 189. Composition of the 1585 colony: D. B. Quinn,
Set Fair for Roanoke: Voyages and Colonies, 1584–1606
(Chapel Hill and London, 1984), 88–96. Nice bringing up: Quinn,
Roanoke Voyages
, I, 323.

41
Archaeology of Roanoke: Quinn,
Set Fair for Roanoke
, chapter 20. Roanoke fort: Taylor,
Original Writings
, II, 322; MacMillan,
Sovereignty and Possession
, 125–7, 163–5. Burning of Aquascogoc: the
Tiger
journal in Quinn,
Roanoke Voyages
, I, 191.

42
Goodliest soil: Lane to Hakluyt 3 Sep. 1585, in ibid., I, 207–10. A vast country: Lane to Walsingham 12 Aug. 1585, in ibid., I, 203. Christianly inhabited: Lane to Walsingham 8 Sep. 1585, in ibid., I, 213.

43
Lane’s report to Raleigh: ibid., I, 255–94, as printed by Hakluyt.

44
The description of the place: ibid., I, 400.