The Queen's Agent: Francis Walsingham at the Court of Elizabeth I (39 page)

4
Bond of association: examples include TNA SP 12/174/1, BL Additional 48027, fol. 248, and BL Cotton Caligula C. IX art. 41, fol. 122, the latter reproduced in Leah S. Marcus, Janel Mueller and Mary Beth Rose (eds),
Elizabeth I: Collected Works
(Chicago and London, 2000), 183–5; David Cressy, ‘Binding the Nation: the Bonds of Association, 1584 and 1696’, in D. J. Guth and J. W. McKenna (eds),
Tudor Rule and Revolution
(Cambridge, 1982). Spontaneity: Patrick Collinson, ‘The Monarchical Republic of Elizabeth I’, in John Guy (ed.),
The Tudor Monarchy
(London, 1997), 124; Stephen Alford,
Burghley: William Cecil at the Court of Elizabeth I
(New Haven and London, 2008), 256–7.

5
Surety of the queen’s person: statute 27 Eliz. I, c. 1,
Statutes of the Realm
, IV, 704–5. Links of your goodwills: Marcus et al. (eds),
Elizabeth I: Collected Works
, speech 16, March 1585, 181–2. Plowden and the king’s two bodies: E. H. Kantorowicz,
The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Political Theology
(Princeton, 1957), 7.

6
Parry: BL Additional 48027, fol. 244–5; John Bossy,
Under the Molehill: An Elizabethan Spy Story
(New Haven and London, 2001), 96–9; Julian Lock, ‘William Parry’ in
Oxford DNB
; Penry Williams,
The Later Tudors
(Oxford, 1998), 303.

7
Throckmorton’s cipher:
A Discoverie of the Treasons Practised and Attempted against the Queene’s Majestie and the Realme by Francis Throckmorton
, reprinted in
The Harleian Miscellany
(London, 1808–13), III, 197. Morgan: Leo Hicks,
An Elizabethan Problem: Some Aspects of the Careers of Two Exile-Adventurers
(London, 1964); John Bossy,
Giordano Bruno and the Embassy Affair
(New Haven and London, 1991), 66–8; Alison Plowden,
The Elizabethan Secret Service
(Hemel Hempstead, 1991), 56–7.

8
Alum is aluminium sulphate. Mary’s recipe for secret ink: John Guy,
My Heart is My Own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots
(London, 2004), 474. Gregorye: BL Harley 286, fol. 78–9; Camden,
Annals
, 305. Gregorye served Burghley’s son Robert Cecil after Walsingham’s death, and petitioned James I for a grant of confiscated Catholic land ‘for recompense for my services’: Hutchinson,
Elizabeth’s Spy Master
, 98–9.

9
Orange juice: TNA SP 12/156, fol. 35–6. Lopez and Walsingham: Dominic Green,
The Double Life of Doctor Lopez
(London, 2003), 39–44, 51–6.

10
Codes and ciphers: David Kahn,
The Codebreakers: The Story of Secret Writing
(New York, 1996); Simon Singh,
The Code Book: The Secret History of Codes and Code-Breaking
(London, 1999), chapter 1. Strictly speaking codes involve the replacement of words or whole phrases, while ciphers substitute letters of the alphabet with an encrypted equivalent.

11
St Aldegonde and Don John’s plans: Baron Kervyn de Lettenhove,
Relations Politiques des Pays-Bas et de L’Angleterre sous le Reigne de Philippe II
(Brussels, 1882–1900), IX, 405–14; Read,
Walsingham
, I, 315, 323–4 and II, 355–8; Kahn,
Codebreakers
, 119–21.

12
Phelippes:
CSP For. 1578–9, 37; CSP Dom.
addenda 1580–1625, 68–9, 86; History of Parliament,
The House of Commons 1558–1603
, ed. P. W. Hasler (London, 1981), III, 219–20; William Richardson, ‘Thomas Phelippes’ in
Oxford DNB
; Edward Fenton (ed.),
The Diaries of John Dee
(Charlbury, 1998), 46.

13
Frequency analysis: Singh,
Code Book
, 17–29. Walsingham ordering new and old ciphers: BL Harley 6035, fol. 7r, 45v.

14
Shorthand and cryptography: Page Life, ‘Timothy Bright’ in
Oxford DNB
.

15
Trithemius and Dee: Benjamin Woolley,
The Queen’s Conjuror: The Science and Magic of Dr Dee
(London, 2001), 72–81; Kahn,
Codebreakers
, 130–6.

16
Mary’s cipher: J. H. Pollen,
Mary Queen of Scots and the Babington Plot
(Edinburgh, 1922), lv; Guy,
My Heart is My Own
, 480; Singh,
Code Book
, 37–8.

17
Move to Chartley: Pollen,
Babington Plot
, lii.

18
Mary at Buxton: Guy,
My Heart is My Own
, 447–8.

19
Gifford’s appearance: Pollen,
Babington Plot
, liii, quoting a memoir by Châteauneuf. William Gifford and Walsingham: Read,
Walsingham
, II, 428–33.

20
Mary’s shoes: Guy,
My Heart is My Own
, 480. Phelippes at Chartley: Read,
Walsingham
, III, 10.

21
Rich, pleasant witted, and learned: Camden,
Annals
, 302. Babington’s first confession: Pollen,
Babington Plot
, 49–66, transcribing BL Additional 48027, fol. 296–301.

22
Ballard and Babington: Pollen,
Babington Plot
, 53. 

23
Savage’s oath: William Cobbett,
Cobbett’s Complete Collection of State Trials
(London, 1809–23), I, 1,129–31.

24
Babington’s dilemma: Pollen,
Babington Plot
, 54. Friends and conspirators: Penry Williams, ‘Anthony Babington’ and Enid Roberts, ‘Thomas Salisbury [Salesbury]’ in
Oxford DNB
. Tilney’s conversion: Cobbett,
State Trials
, I, 1,149. Portraits: Camden,
Annals
, 304; Cobbett,
State Trials
, I, 1,138.

25
Abington’s kidnap plan: Pollen,
Babington Plot
, 57. Sabotage and assassination: ibid., 60. Poley: Read,
Walsingham
, III, 8, 21–2, 25–6. Babington’s offer of service to Walsingham: Pollen,
Babington Plot
, 56.

26
Mary’s delayed letter: ibid., 15–16; Read,
Walsingham
, III, 31. Betwixt two states: Pollen,
Babington Plot
, 58.

27
Babington to Mary ?6 July 1586: ibid., 18–22.

28
Mary to Babington 17 July 1586: ibid., 26–46.

29
Killing Elizabeth: ibid., 66, 74, 80; Cobbett,
State Trials
, I, 1,131. Babington on the run: Camden,
Annals
, 306.

30
Trials, 13–15 Sep. 1586: Cobbett,
State Trials
, I, 1,127–40.

31
Executions: BL Additional 48027, fol. 263–71; Camden,
Annals
, 308. Tichborne, ciphers and Star Chamber: Pollen,
Babington Plot
, 75, 94–5.
Parce mihi domine
: Job 7:16. Pamphlet: William Kemp[e],
A Dutiful Invective Against the Moste Haynous Treasons of Ballard and Babington
(1586–7), STC 14925; see also George Carleton,
A Thankfull Remembrance of Gods Mercie
(fourth edition, 1630), STC 4643, chapter 9.

32
Gifford’s flight: Read,
Walsingham
, III, 45. Nau: ibid., III, 37; Alford,
Burghley
, 267.

33
Morgan’s loyalty: William Murdin,
A Collection of State Papers left by William Cecill Lord Burghley
(London, 1759), 513–14; Bossy,
Giordano Bruno
, 246; Pollen,
Babington Plot
, xxxiii–xxxv; Hicks,
An Elizabethan Problem
, 113–15.

34
Animate, comfort and provoke: Cobbett,
State Trials
, I, 1,134. Mary as an absolute prince: Alford,
Burghley
, 272, quoting BL Harley 290, fol. 191r; Cobbett,
State Trials
, I, 1,169.

35
Mary’s trial: BL Additional 48027, fol. 569*r; Cobbett,
State Trials
, I, 1,169. Phelippes’s facsimile: Guy,
My Heart is My Own
, 491.

36
Walsingham’s creed: Cobbett,
State Trials
, I, 1,182; Alford,
Burghley
, 275; Guy,
My Heart is My Own
, 491–2. Walsingham to Leicester 15 Oct. 1586: Read,
Walsingham
, III, 54, quoting BL Cotton Caligula C. IX, fol. 502.

37
Walsingham to Burghley 6 Oct. 1586: TNA SP 12/194, fol. 34r. Speedy execution: Cobbett,
State Trials
, I, 1,189–95. London proclamation: BL Additional 48027, fol. 569*v. 

38
Grief of my mind: TNA SP 12/197, fol. 6v. Rather lookers-on: TNA SP 12/195, fol. 111r. Dangerous alteration: printed in full in Read,
Walsingham
, III, 58–9.

39
A cordial for Walsingham: Alford,
Burghley
, 287.

40
Mary’s execution: BL Additional 48027, fol. 650*; Cobbett,
State Trials
, I, 1,207–12.

41
Hatton’s speech: ibid., I, 1,138, 1,140. Captain Fortescue: ibid., I, 1,150.

42
Tichborne’s speech: ibid., I, 1,157–8.

43
Extremities of the kingdom: Pollen,
Babington Plot
, 81. Drawn by the heels: Cobbett,
State Trials
, I, 1,147. Huntingdon to Walsingham 16 Mar. 1581: Huntington Library Hastings correspondence, box 2, HA 5356. Babington’s predictions: Pollen,
Babington Plot
, 82, 86–7.