The Psychology Book (49 page)

Douglas Gillette and Robert

egos; a man who showers his son

the sons are forced to go without

L. Moore publish five books

with praise would somehow be

that affection. ■

exploring Jungian archetypes

and the male psyche.

See also:
Sigmund Freud 92–99 ■ Carl Jung 102–07 ■ Jacques Lacan 122–23

COGNITIV

PSYCHOL

THE CALCULATING

BRAIN

E

OGY

158 INTRODUCTION

Jerome Bruner
and Cecile

Alan Turing
publishes

Goodman publish
Value

Computing Machinery

Hermann Ebbinghaus’s

and Need as Organizing

and Intelligence
, in which

Leon Festinger’s
A

“nonsense syllables”

Factors in Perception,

he describes the human

Theory of Cognitive

experiments show a

arguing that
motivated

brain as an
“organized

Dissonance
suggests

method for studying

reasoning affects

machine”
that learns

there is a human drive for

cognitive processes
.

perception
.

through experience.

consistency of beliefs
.

1885

1947

1950

1957

1932

1949

1956

1958

Frederic Bartlett studies

Donald Hebb explains

George Armitage

Donald Broadbent

reconstructive

learning in terms of

Miller
argues that the

publishes
Perception and

memory
in
The War of

connections between

human brain can only

Communication
,

the Ghosts
.

stimuli and neurons
.

hold
seven chunks

introducing the

of information

information-processing

at once.

model
of cognition.

T
he first half of the 20th psychology—a German school of to work from. At the same time, century was dominated by

thought that concentrated on

advances in neuroscience led to a

two strands of thinking in

perception and perceptual

greater understanding of the

psychology: behaviorism (which

organization—and was also a

functions of the brain and nervous

concentrated on learning theory)

precursor of cognitive psychology.

system. This allowed psychologists,

and psychoanalysis (which focused

notably Donald Hebb, to examine

on the unconscious and development

The cognitive revolution

mental processes directly, rather

in early childhood). The mental

What eventually swung the balance

than merely inferring them from

processes that had preoccupied

from interest in behavior to the

observations of behavior.

psychologists in the previous

study of mental processes came from

One of the first to apply the