The Origins of the British: The New Prehistory of Britain (68 page)

38
. Strabo, 4.1.14; Renfrew (1989), p. 223.

39
. Diodorus Siculus, 5.21; Renfrew (1989), p. 222.

40
. Rankin (1996), p. 167.

41
. Rankin (1996), p. 166.

42
. Strabo, 4.4.6.

43
. Diodorus Siculus, 5.33; see also Rankin (1996), p. 167 and Renfrew (1989), pp. 222–3.

44
. Rankin (1996), pp. 81, 166.

45
. Cunliffe (2004), figure 8.3.

46
. Rankin (1996), pp. 38–44.

47
. Rankin (1996), p. 38.

48
. Rankin (1996), p. 103.

49
. Cunliffe (1997), figure 15; Cunliffe (2004), figures 8.2 and 8.3. There is no dispute here about the reality of these cultural expansions from Central Europe, merely whether that was the ‘Celtic homeland’.

50
. Cunliffe (1997), figure 45; see also discussion in Collis (2003), pp. 115–18, where he says that the Boii had been on the Roman side of the Rhine.

51
. Strabo,
Geography
5.1.6.

52
. Strabo,
Geography
5.1.6.

53
. Strabo,
Geography
4.4.1.

54
. Strabo,
Geography
4.1.13.

55
. Julius Caesar,
Gallic Wars
1.1.

56
. Cunliffe (1997), figure 45.

57
. Collis (2003).

58
. James (1999), p. 57.

59
. Collis (2003), p. 60.

60
. Collis (2003), p. 63.

61
. Collis (2003), pp. 63–7.

62
. Collis (2003), p. 66.

63
. Collis (2003), p. 66.

64
. Collis (2003), p. 66.

65
. By Danish antiquarian Christian Thomsen: see Collis (2003), pp. 73–4.

66
. Collis (2003), pp. 73–4.

67
. Collis (2003), p. 219.

1
. Collis (2003), p. 224.

2
. See e.g. Lambert (1994), Marichal (1988), Lejeune (1988). See also Collis (2003), pp. 130–2.

3
. More radical interpretations are possible, such as an Italian-celtic-language homeland, consistent with the controversial hypothesis of an Italo-celtic linguistic common ancestor – see Cowgill (1970).

4
. Cited in Collis (2003), pp. 110–12.

5
. Collis (2003), pp. 110–12.

6
. Lambert (1994), Marichal (1988), Lejeune (1998); see also Renfrew (1989, pp. 230–3), who has reviewed the evidence for Gaulish and other such languages.

7
. Anderson (1988), Untermann (1961), Villar (1997).

8
. See e.g. Diodorus Siculus,
Historical Library
5.33; Strabo,
Geography
3.4.12; Pliny,
Natural History
3.1.8; Lucan,
Pharsalia
4.1.9–10; Appian,
Hispania
2; Isidore of Seville,
Etymologiae
9.2.113–14. See Collis (2003), pp. 112–13.

9
. Villar and Pedrero (2001).

10
. Untermann (1997).

11
. Collis (2003), p. 113.

12
. See e.g. Parsons and Sims-Williams (2000).

13
. Parsons and Sims-Williams (2000), and Hachmann et al. (1962), map 9.

14
. Parsons and Sims-Williams (2000).

15
. Parsons and Sims-Williams (2000), pp. 113–42; see also figures 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2 and 11.1 in Sims-Williams (2006).

16
. Renfrew (1989), p. 232.

17
. Sims-Williams, P. (2006), summarized in his
figure 11.1
, and converted to ‘contour lines’ in
Figure 2.1b
in this book.

18
. Renfrew (1989), p. 233.

19
.
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/cisp/database/maps/bigmap_all.html
>. See the Celtic Inscribed Stones Project (CISP) based at the Department of History and the Institute of Archaeology, University College London: on-line database at
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/cisp/database
>.

20
. Tacitus,
Agricola
11.

21
. Jackson (1955).

22
.
http://www.lakelanddialectsociety.org/counting_sheep.htm
> (accessed October 2005). See also Ted Relph (ed.) (2006), ‘Lakeland Dialect’,
The Journal of the Lakeland Dialect Society
.

23
. Via the Anglo-Latin word
talea
(1189) and the Anglo-French
tallie
(1321).

24
. This account of Cumbric sheep-counting is based on
http://www.lakelanddialectsociety.org/counting_sheep.htm
> (accessed October 2005). See also Ted Relph (ed.) (2006), ‘Lakeland Dialect’,
The Journal of the Lakeland Dialect Society
.

25
. Sims-Williams (2006), p. 54 and
figure 4.2
.

26
. Sims-Williams (2006), p. 54 and
figure 4.2
.

27
. Collis (2003), p. 114.

28
. Jackson (1953).

29
. Jackson (1953), pp. 703–4.

30
. CISP,
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/cisp/database/maps/bigmap_all.html
>.

31
. Jackson (1953), Evans (1967), Rivet and Smith (1979).

32
. Parsons (2000).

33
. Parsons (2000).

34
. Jackson (1955).

35
. Adamnan,
Life of St Columba
1.27, 2.33.

36
. Bede,
Ecclesiastical History
1.1.

37
. See e.g. Saxo Grammaticus,
Gesta Danorum
Book 3: ‘But the gods, whose chief seat was then at Byzantium, (Asgard)’. See also Heyerdahl and Lillieström (2001). In this book and the archaeological expedition he funded, Thor Heyerdahl was inspired by the thirteenth-century Icelandic writer Snorri Sturluson, who describes in his
Ynglinga
saga how a chief called Odin led a tribe called the Æsir in a migration, northwards through Saxland, to Fyn in Denmark, finally settling in Sweden. Heyerdahl believed that Odin may have been a real king in the first century
BC
in what is now southern Russia, near the Sea of Azof.

38
. Bede,
Ecclesiastical History
1.1 and 3.6.

39
. Jackson (1955).

40
. Jackson (1955), pp. 151–2.

41
. Renfrew (1989), pp. 226–7.

42
. Campbell (2001).

43
. Campbell (2001).

44
. Sims-Williams (2002).

45
. Campbell (2001).

46
. Rankin (1996), pp. 304–6.

47
.
The Book of the Taking of Ireland
, compiled and edited in Middle Irish by an anonymous scholar in the eleventh century.

48
. Rankin (1996), pp. 306–7, O’Rahilly (1946).

49
. Rankin (1996), pp. 13–14.

50
. Schmidt (1988).

51
. McCone (1996).

52
. McCone (1996).

53
. See e.g. Sims-Williams (2003).

54
. Dyen et al. (1992).

55
. Gray and Atkinson (2003), Atkinson et al. (2005), McMahon and McMahon (2003, 2006).

56
. See discussion in McMahon and McMahon (2006) pp. 153–60.

57
. McCone (1996).

58
. McMahon and McMahon (2003).

59
. McMahon and McMahon (2006).

60
. Gray and Atkinson (2003).

61
. The calibration method used takes the following events as fixed points: Germanic tribes united against Rome,
AD
1; Gothic migration to Eastern Europe,
AD
180. The earliest attested North Germanic inscriptions date from the third century
AD
.