The New Jim Crow (51 page)

Futterman, Craig

gang databases

“gangsta culture,”

gender gap (black men and women)

genocide and War on Drugs

globalization

Goldwater, Barry

Goodwill Industries

Great Depression

Guinier, Lani

Haldeman, H.R.

Harlem riots (1964)

Harwood, Richard

Hill, Barbara

Hininger, Damon

Hispanics/Latinos: prison admissions for drug offenses; rates of illegal drug use

homelessness

Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

housing discrimination

human rights approach

Human Rights Watch

Hurley, Ora Lee

In re Gault
(1967)

incarceration.
See
mass incarceration system

indentured servitude

indifference, racial

inner-city economic collapse

Irving, Lawrence

Jackson, Jesse

Jefferson, Thomas

“Jena 6,”

Jim Crow system: birth of; black cooperation with; and Civil Rights Movement; death of; and Supreme Court; voting rights and disenfranchisement; and World War II, 36.
See also
mass incarceration and Jim Crow (parallels/differences)

Johnson, Lyndon B.

Johnson, Sheri Lynn

Johnson, Willie

juries: and felon exclusion; and peremptory strikes; and prosecutors' discretion; and “stereotypically black” defendants; Supreme Court rulings governing jury selection

Justice Department, U.S.; Bureau of Statistics; report in impact of bias in criminal justice system; and street crime

Justice Policy Institute

Karlan, Pamela

Kennedy, Justice Anthony

Kennedy, John F.

Kerlikowske, Gil

Kilty, Keith

King, Martin Luther

King, Martin Luther, Jr.; and affirmative action; call for complete restructuring of society; and civil rights lawyers/legal cases; on colorblindness and indifference; and human rights approach; and Poor People's Movement; and Rosa Parks

Klarman, Michael

Kraska, Peter

Ku Klux Klan

Ku Klux Klan Acts

Lambright, Nshombi

Law & Order
(television)

law enforcement.
See
drug-law enforcement and racial discrimination; police/police departments and drug-law enforcement

Lawrence, Charles

Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights of the San Francisco Bay Area

Leadership Conference on Civil Rights

Lee, William

Levine, Harry

liberal philosophy of race relations (Reconstruction era)

Lincoln, Abraham

Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD): databases for “gang-related” activity; and lethal chokeholds

Loury, Glenn

Lyons, Adolph

Maclin, Tracey

Madison, James

Malcolm X

mandatory minimum sentencing; and Anti-Drug Abuse Act; and plea bargaining; reform efforts; and Supreme Court

March on Washington for Jobs and Economic Freedom (1963)

marijuana: and deaths; decriminalization of; felony possession and arrests; and mandatory sentencing guidelines; use by Clinton/Obama; and voting rights; white middle class users; white/black student users

Marshall, Prentiss

Marshall, Stanley

Marshall, Justice Thurgood

mass incarceration and Jim Crow (parallels/ differences); and argument that race has always influenced the criminal justice system; black support for “get tough” policies on crime; collective denial; differences /limits of the analogy; exclusion from juries; historical parallels; legalized discrimination; and marginalization; and overt racial hostility; parallels; political disenfranchisement; racial segregation; stereotypes about black men/ fathers; Supreme Court's pattern of responding to racial caste/claims of racial bias; the symbolic production of race; white victims

mass incarceration system; and absence of black men/black fathers; arguments that race has always influenced the criminal justice system; collective denial of; and colorblindness; and crime reduction statistics; final stage (period of invisible punishment); first stage; incarceration rates; origins of; prison profiteers; private prisons; reform and dismantling of; second phase; size of; and stigma of criminality.
See also
post-prison release (ex-offenders); prisons; War on Drugs and the criminal justice system

Massey, Douglas

Matsuda, Mari

Mauer, Marc

McCaffrey, Barry

McClesky, Warren

McCormick Institute of Public Affairs

McKnight, Gerald

McLaurin v. Oklahoma
(1950)

McNair, Murray

media coverage: crack cocaine stories; imagery of black drug users/drug criminals; and “Jena 6,”; and Obama's campaign speech on fatherhood and personal responsibility; Reagan administration and War on Drugs

Military Cooperation with Law Enforcement Act (1981)

military policing and War on Drugs

Miller, Jerome

The Miner's Canary
(Torres and Guinier)

minstrel shows

Montgomery Bus Boycott

moratorium campaign (closing prisons)

Morgan, Edmund

Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD)

Moynihan, Daniel Patrick

Munnerlynn, William

Musto, David

Myrdal, Gunnar

NAACP: legal challenges to Jim Crow; Web site

NAACP Legal Defense Fund

National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals, 1973 recommendations

National Center for Institutions and Alternatives

National Colored Convention ( 1853)

National Household Survey on Drug Abuse

National Institute on Drug Abuse

National Legal Aid & Defender Association

National Security Decision Directive (Reagan administration)

New Deal

New York Police Department (NYPD)

Nicaragua

Nietzsche, Friedrich

Nilsen, Eva

Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals

Nixon, Richard

Nunn, Dorsey

Obama, Barack; and black exceptionalism; and Byrne grant program; campaign speech on fatherhood and personal responsibility; and crack sentencing; and death penalty; presidency and racial justice advocacy; and War on Drugs; on white guilt and history of racial discrimination

O'Connor, Justice Sandra Day

Omi, Michael

“One Strike and You're Out” legislation

open-air drug markets

Operation Pipeline

Pager, Devah

paramilitary drug raids

Parchman, Farm

Parks, Rosa

parole violations

“passing,”

Pentagon military resources and War on Drugs

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (1996)

PEW Charitable Trusts

Phillips, Kevin

Piven, Frances Fox

plea bargaining

“pluralistic ignorance,”

Poitier, Sidney

police/police departments and drug-law enforcement; affirmative action and minority officers; consent searches; and drug forfeiture laws; and federal suits for damages; and financial incentives; and ghetto neighborhoods; lethal chokeholds; paramilitary drug raids and SWAT teams;
police brutality; pretext stops; race as factor in decision making; racial profiling; searches and seizures and unreasonable suspicion; shakedowns and seizures; traffic stops; training programs.
See also
drug-law enforcement and racial discrimination; War on Drugs and the criminal justice system

Poor People's Movement

Populist movement

Posse Comitatus Act

post-arrest legal services

postconviction fees; and preconviction service fees; and probation revocations

post-prison release (ex-offenders); Chicago; and education; and “gangsta culture,”; ineligibility for federally funded public assistance; jury exclusion; postconviction fees; public housing discrimination; rearrest rates; re-entry programs; the shame and stigma of criminality; voting rights/felony disenfranchisement; work/employment

Powell, Colin

powell, john a.

presidential elections: and disenfranchisement of ex-felons; and law and order rhetoric

pretext stops

prisons: admissions for drug offenses; closing; construction of; corporate and private profiteers; inmate work in; private; rearrest rates and parole and probation violations; and redistricting processes; and residential racial segregation; and violent crime (homicide) offenders

probation violations

prosecutorial discretion: crack cocaine cases; and drug-law enforcement; and jury selection; and racial bias

public defender system

public housing agencies/assistance

Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act (1998)

racial caste system in the U.S.; black codes and vagrancy laws; and Civil Rights Movement; and collective denial; and colorblindness; competing schools of thought on race, poverty, and social order; convict leasing and forced labor; end of Jim Crow system; flawed public consensus at heart of; and “get tough on crime” policies; and language of racial caste; law and order rhetoric; new; and philosophies of race relations; and political parties; poor and working class whites; and Populist movement; postemancipation period; Reconstruction Era; and Republican Party; and slavery; Southern “Redemption” campaign; structural racism; systems of control/recurring periods of transition and uncertainty.
See also
drug-law enforcement and racial discrimination; mass incarceration and Jim Crow (parallels/differences); mass incarceration system; post-prison release; War on Drugs

Racial Formation in the United States
(Omi and Winant)

Racial Justice Project of the ACLU

racial profiling: and ghetto communities; litigation challenging; and minority police officers; and police decision making; studies of; and Title VI of 1964 Civil Rights Act; traffic stops/ pedestrian stops

radical philosophy of race relations (Reconstruction era)

rap music and hip-hop culture

Reagan, Ronald/Reagan administration; and conservative revolution in the Republican Party; and crack cocaine; financial incentives to law enforcement; legislation and drug policy; and military policing; racialized campaign rhetoric on crime and welfare; and War on Drugs

reality television shows, black-themed

Reconstruction Era; convict leasing and forced labor; federal civil rights legislation; philosophies of race relations; Populist movement; and racial segregation; Southern “Redemption” campaign; voting rights

Rector, Ricky Ray

“Redemption” campaign

redistricting and prison populations

Reeves, Jimmie

Reform Act (2000)

Reinarman, Craig

Republican Party

Rice, Condoleezza

Robert Taylor Homes (Chicago)

Robinson, Jo Ann Gibson

Roosevelt, Franklin D.

Rucker, Perlie

Ruffin v. Commonwealth
(Virginia)

Runoalds, Clifford

Russell, Kathryn

San Francisco Ban the Box campaigns

Schmidt, Benno

Schwarzer, William W.

Scott, Donald

search and seizure

Seattle Police Department

segregation, racial; and ghetto communities; and prisons; Reconstruction Era; and re-entry of ex-felons; residential segregation

sentencing: and crack cocaine; and juveniles; and mandatory minimums; and plea bargaining; reform efforts; Supreme Court rulings and racially discriminatory sentencing

Sentencing Project

Sharpton, Al

Shelby, Tommie

“shooter bias,”

Sider, Gerald

Siegel, Reva

slavery; birth of; and disenfranchisement of black voters; and history of race discrimination in jury selection; and notion of white supremacy; and plantation labor; and poor whites; postemancipation period; and role of racial hostility/racial indifference; and symbolic production of race; and U.S. Constitution

Slavery by Another Name
(Blackmon)

Smith, Mary Louise

Smith v. Allwright
(1944)

Souter, Justice David H.

Southern Center for Human Rights

“Southern Manifesto,”

Southern Strategy

Spruill, Alberta

States of Denial
(Cohen)

Steinberg, Stephen

Stevens, Justice John Paul

Stewart, Emma Faye

stigma of criminality; and black youth; coping strategies and lying; and families of prisoners /ex-felons; and “gangsta culture,”; self-hate in the black community; shame and silence; and symbolic production of race