The Nazi Hunters (53 page)

more than 450,000:
Richard Bessel,
Germany 1945: From War to Peace,
11.

“Flying Courts Martial”:
Ibid., 18.

“Woe to the land”:
Norman H. Naimark,
The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949,
72.

“Terrible things”:
David Stafford,
Endgame, 1945: The Missing Final Chapter of World War II,
315.

1.9 million:
Frederick Taylor,
Exorcising Hitler: The Occupation and Denazification of Germany
, 54.

“Men were beaten”:
Naimark, 74.

“came at night”:
Douglas Botting,
From the Ruins of the Reich: Germany, 1945–1949,
23.

“in a humane”:
Frederick Taylor, 70.

“In one town”:
Ibid., 73.

12 million
and estimate of deaths: Bessel, 68–69.

On April 29, 1945:
Information on the Rainbow Division and liberation of Dachau is drawn from Sam Dann, ed.,
Dachau 29 April 1945: The Rainbow Liberation Memoirs.

Designed as the first:
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, “Dachau,”
www.ushmm.org
.

“
Along the railroad”:
Dann, ed., 14.

“The cars were loaded”
and rest of Lieutenant Cowling’s account: Ibid., 22–24.

“The SS tried”:
Ibid., 32.

“The ones that”:
Ibid., 77.

“There was complete silence”
and rest of Jackson’s account: Ibid., 91–92.

“I will never”:
Ibid., 24.

“More and more”
and rest of Friedman’s account and quotes: Tuvia Friedman,
The Hunter,
50–102.

The largest and most effective resistance movement:
Norman Davies,
Heart of Europe: A Short History of Poland,
72.

“diversionary activities”:
Frederick Taylor, 226.

“This was
real
soup”
and rest of Wiesenthal’s account of his liberation: Joseph Wechsberg, ed.,
The Murderers Among Us: The Wiesenthal Memoirs,
45–49.

Wiesenthal’s father
and other autobiographical details: Tom Segev,
Simon Wiesenthal: The Life and Legends,
35–41; and Wechsberg, ed., 23–44.

“As a young person”
and
“A half hour later”:
Andrew Nagorski, “Wiesenthal: A Summing Up,”
Newsweek International,
April 27, 1998.

“Enough!”:
Wechsberg, ed., 28.

“As a man”:
Segev, 27.

“I did have a strong desire”:
Wechsberg, ed., 8.

“He emerged from”:
Friedman, 146.

“The sight of”
and rest of Wiesenthal’s Mauthausen account
:
Wechsberg, ed., 47–49.

“We’re a very obedient people”:
Frederick Forsyth,
The Odessa File,
92.

“If all the Jews”:
Wechsberg, ed., 11.

she was “forced”:
Saul K. Padover papers, 1944–45, The New York Public Library Manuscript and Archives Division.

Peter Heidenberger:
Peter Heidenberger interview with the author. Unless otherwise indicated, his quotes are from that interview.

“to make it impossible”:
Beschloss, 275.

The Alabama native
and other biographical details: Joshua M. Greene,
Justice at Dachau: The Trials of an American Prosecutor,
17–20.

“I thought here were”
and
“related substantially”:
Michael T. Kaufman, “William Denson Dies at 85; Helped in Convicting Nazis,”
New York Times
, December 16, 1998.

When General George S. Patton
and
“See what”:
Greene, 13.

But Denson and his colleagues:
Ibid., 19.

“I finally reached”:
Ibid., 24.

Denson’s main interrogator
along with Guth’s background: Ibid., 26.

But when Guth
and
“The Germans could hardly”:
Ibid., 36.

When the trial opened
and rest of first day of trial: Ibid., 39–44, 53–54; and Peter Heidenberger interview with the author.

“The German spectators, unfamiliar”:
Peter Heidenberger,
From Munich to Washington: A German-American Memoir,
53.

“common design”:
Ibid., 57.

“May it please”:
Greene, 44.

As Ali Kuci:
Ibid., 64.

“I wish to”:
Ibid., 101.

“failing to refuse”
and
“These accused”:
Ibid., 103–4.

“Each one of these”:
Lord Russell of Liverpool,
Scourge of the Swastika: A Short History of Nazi War Crimes,
251.

But on December 13, 1945:
“Nazi War Crime Trials: The Dachau Trials,”
jewishvirtuallibrary.org
.

“Nailed to a pole”:
Lord Russell of Liverpool, 252.

Denson personally prosecuted
and total hanged: Greene, 2, 349.

“Colonel Denson has been”:
“Chief Prosecutor Returns Home,”
New York Times
, October 24, 1947; Greene, 316.

His weight had dropped:
Flint Whitlock,
The Beasts of Buchenwald: Karl and Ilse Koch, Human-Skin Lampshades, and the War-Crimes Trial of the Century,
196.

“They said I looked”
and
In January, 1947:
Greene, 226–27.

“that she was gaining”:
Ibid., 128.

A genuine countess
and Huschi’s other biographical details: Ibid., 80–85, 345.

“We surrender”:
Ibid., 127.

“the highlight of”:
Ibid., 348.

“a chapter of”:
Whitlock, 199.

“She was wearing”:
Greene, 266.

“It was common knowledge”:
Ibid., 263.

“I’ve got it”:
Heidenberger, 61.

It didn’t help
and story of shrunken head: Greene, 263–64.

“I can’t stand it”:
Ibid., 273.

“In spite of”:
Heidenberger, 58.

“His voice was excellently”:
Michael A. Musmanno
, The Eichmann Kommandos,
70.

“the biggest murder trial”:
Cited by Eli M. Rosenbaum in his introduction of Ferencz at
the 102nd Annual Meeting, American Society for International Law (ASIL), Washington D.C., April 10, 2008.

Born in Transylvania
and other biographical details and quotes: Benjamin Ferencz interview with the author; and
www.benferencz.org
(“Benny Stories”).

“The only authority
” and other Ferencz quotes in this section, unless otherwise indicated:
www.benferencz.org
(“Benny Stories”).

“Help yourself”
and rest of story about woman who accused Ferenz of theft: Benjamin Ferencz interview with the author; and
www.benferencz.org
(“Benny Stories”).

“When I passed”:
www.benferencz.org
(“Benny Stories”).

The trial ran:
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, “Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings, Case #9, The Eisatzgruppen Case,”
Holocaust Encyclopedia.

“I suppose that”:
www.benferencz.org
(“Benny Stories”).

“I didn’t call”:
Heikelina Verrijn Stuart and Marlise Simons,
The Prosecutor and the Judge: Benjamin Ferencz and Antonio Cassese, Interviews and Writings,
18.

“the deliberate slaughter”:
Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10
, Vol. IV, 30.

“averaged some 1,350 murders”:
Ibid., 39.

It was coined:
Donna-Lee Frieze, ed.,
Totally Unofficial: The Autobiography of Raphael Lemkin,
22.

“the somewhat lost”:
www.benferencz.com
(“Benny Stories”).

“the extermination”:
Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10
, Vol. IV
,
30
.

“If these men”:
Ibid., 53.

“had not been engaging”:
Musmanno,
The Eichmann Kommandos,
65.

“David taking”:
Ibid., 126.

The son of
and other biographical details for Musmanno: Len Barcousky, “Eyewitness 1937: Pittsburgh Papers Relished ‘Musmanntics,’ ”
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette,
March 7, 2010.

“If the law recognizes”:
Associated Press, “Decrees Santa Claus Is Living Reality,” as published in
The New York Times,
December 23, 1936.

“remote hearsay”
and
“up to and including”:
www.benferencz.com
(“Benny Stories”).

“The soldier who”
and rest of Musmanno-Ohlendorf exchange: Musmanno,
The Eichmann Kommandos,
78–79.

“Germany was threatened”:
www.benferencz.org
, (“Benny Stories”).

“It is to be doubted”:
Musmanno,
The Eichmann Kommandos,
148.

“the trigger men”:
Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10
, Vol. IV, 369–70.

“I could never figure”:
Stuart and Simons, 20.

“Musmanno was”
and rest of Ferencz’s reflections on Musmanno:
www.benferencz.org
, (“Benny Stories”).

“I had three thousand”
and rest of Ferencz reflections: Benjamin Ferencz interview with the author; and
www.benferencz.org
(“Benny Stories”).

“You never knew”:
Harold Burson interview with the author.

“In postwar Germany”:
Richard W. Sonnenfeldt,
Witness to Nuremberg: The Chief American Interpreter at the War Crimes Trials,
13.

“There are no Nazis”:
Mann, 48.

“will provide”:
Lord Russell of Liverpool, xi.

“The spectators”
and all other quotes from Burson radio scripts:
http://haroldburson.com/nuremberg.html
.

“vengeance will not”
and Agee commentary on Dachau footage: Greene, 14.

“About this whole judgment”:
John F. Kennedy,
Profiles in Courage,
199.

“Punishing the German”:
Frieze, ed., 118.

“The historical value”:
www.benferencz.com
(“Benny Stories”).

Herman Obermayer:
Herman Obermayer interview with the author.

“I thought it was”
and background of Gerald Schwab: Gerald Schwab interview with the author.

“No, they were not”:
Stuart and Simons, 23.

“That four great nations”:
Harris, 35.

“Never have”:
Ibid., xxix.

“The trials completed”:
Ibid., xiv.

“Without them”:
Mann, 13

“The great problem”:
Musmanno,
The Eichmann Kommandos,
175–76.

“A German will think”:
William L. Shirer,
Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent, 1934–1941,
284.

He also wrote:
Dr. Jan Sehn
, Obóz Koncentracyjny Oswięcim-Brzezinka.

His writings
and Sehn’s affiliations and cases: Władyslaw Mącior, “Professor Jan Sehn (1909–1965),”
Gazeta Wyborcza,
Kraków, October 12, 2005.

Arthur Sehn
and other information he provided about Jan Sehn’s family history: Arthur Sehn interview with the author.

“passion for criminal science”:
Jan Markiewicz, Maria Kozłowska, “10 rocznica smierci Prof. J. Sehna,” Wspomnienie na U.J., XII, 1975, Jan Sehn Archives.

“The children were”
and other quotes from Józef Sehn and his wife, Franciszka Sehn: Józef and Franciszka Sehn interview with the author.

“he looked for”
and other quotes and information from Maria Kozłowska: Maria Kozłowska interview with the author.

He was fully dedicated
and population losses: Davies, 64.

A former army barracks
and rest of early history of camp, along with quotes from my interviews with Polish political prisoners: Andrew Nagorski, “A Tortured Legacy,”
Newsweek
, January 16, 1995.

He was so successful
and Aktion Höss
:
Thomas Harding,
Hanns and
Rudolf: The True Story of the German Jew Who Tracked Down and Caught the Kommandant of Auschwitz,
165
.