The March of Folly (77 page)

8.
RUSK, “NEW COLONIALISM”:
q. Cohen, 75.
“TOOL OF THE POLITBURO”:
testimony to Senate FRC, 8 June 1950, q. Cohen, 50.

9.
NYT
EDITORIAL, “IT SHOULD NOW BE CLEAR”:
11 June 52.
NSC SEES JAPAN SUCCUMBING:
PP, I, 84.

10.
OHLY MEMORANDUM:
Acheson, 674.

11.
U.S. NAVAL AND AIR ACTION IN EVENT OF CHINESE ENTRY:
NSC 124, PP, I, 88.

12.
WALTER ROBERTSON, “NO REGIME AS MALEVOLENT”:
q. Hoopes, 147.

13.
KNOWLAND, “SOVIET CONQUEST”:
ibid., 203.

14.
JOHNSON, “GREAT BEAST”:
q. Ball, 404.
DULLES, “PASSION TO CONTROL EVENTS”:
Hoopes, 140.

15.
DULLES, “PACIFIC FRONT … WIDE OPEN”:
in Senate, 21 Sept 49, q. Hoopes, 78.

16.
“PART OF A SINGLE PATTERN”:
ibid., 115.

17.
DULLES, “THESE TWO GENTLEMEN”:
ibid., 78.

18.
AUTHOR OF REPUBLICAN PARTY PLATFORM:
Halle, 270. Text in
National Party Platforms
, compiled D. B. Johnson, I, 496–505, Univ. of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1978.

19.
DULLES TRIES TO GET KREMLIN PROMISE:
Hoopes, 172.

20.
GENERAL STAFF, “RE-EVALUATION” IN RELATION TO COST:
PP, I, 89.

21.
BARRINGTON:
q. Barrington, 142–3.

22.
ADMIRAL DAVIS, “SHOULD BE AVOIDED”:
PP, I, 89.

23.
PENTAGON CHIEFS’ ADVICE, CHINA THE ENEMY:
q. Cohen, 174.

24.
EISENHOWER’S THREE CONDITIONS:
PP, I, 94;
Mandate
, 345.

25.
“WILL PROBABLY DETERIORATE”:
4 June 53, PP, I, 391–2.

26.
“THE FRENCH BLACKMAILED US”:
Acheson interview with Professor Gaddis Smith,
NYT Book Review
, 12 Oct 69.

27.
“THE FREEDOM WE CHERISH”:
q. Halle, 286–7.

28.
TRAPNELL REPORT:
PP, I, 487–9.

29.
“A LACK OF ENTHUSIASM”:
3 Feb 54, q. Gelb, 52.

30.
“POPULATION SUPPORTED THE ENEMY”:
Eisenhower,
Mandate, 372–3.

31.
U.S. PAYING 80 PERCENT:
Hammer, 313, n. 20a.

32.
JUSTICE DOUGLAS:
North from Malaya
, 10, 208.

33.
MANSFIELD REPORT:
U.S. Congress, Senate FRC, 83rd Congress, 1st Session: see under U.S. Congress, Senate.

34.
DULLES’ FEAR OF MC CARTHY:
Hoopes, 160.

35.
NEW LOOK STRATEGY OF CABINET:
Eisenhower,
Mandate
, 451; Hoopes, chap. 13.
HUMPHREY COMMENT:
q. ibid., 196.

36.
DULLES, “PHONY PEACE CAMPAIGN”:
Hoopes, 173.

37.
RADFORD POLICY PAPER FOR GENEVA:
PP, I, 448–51.

38.
DULLES LEFT THE IMPRESSION:
Hoopes, 212. Nixon, “if to avoid”: 16 Apr 54, q. Eisenhower,
Mandate
, 353, n. 4.

39.
EISENHOWER, “OUR MAIN TASK”:
Mandate
, 168.

40.
CHINESE SUPPLY 4000 TONS A MONTH:
Cooper, 59.

41.
ELY MISSION AND OPERATION VULTURE:
Roberts, in Raskin and Fall, 57–66; PP, I, 97–106.
PROPOSED USE OF ATOMIC BOMBS:
FRUS, 1952–54, XIII, 1271.
FOOTNOTE, PROVOKING CHINESE RESPONSE:
Chalmers Roberts in
Washington Post
, 24 Oct 71, q. Gelb, 57.
MACARTHUR COMMENT:
FRUS, op. cit., to Sec. of State 7 Apr 54, 1270–2.

42.
DULLES MEETING WITH CONGRESSIONAL LEADERS:
Roberts, op. cit.; Hoopes, 210–11.

43.
FRENCH CABINET ASKS INTERVENTION:
PP, I, 100–04; Roberts; Hoopes, 207–08.
EISENHOWER, “NO INVOLVEMENT”:
10 Mar 54, q. Gurtov, 78.

44.
GAVIN REPORT:
Ridgway,
Soldier
, 276; also Gavin in Senate FRC Hearings in 1966.

45.
EISENHOWER REJECTS UNILATERAL INTERVENTION:
Mandate
, 373; PP, I, 129.

46.
SPECIAL COMMITTEE’S REPORT:
5 Apr 54, PP, I, 472–6.

47.
DULLES ON FALL OF DIEN BIEN PHU:
11 May 54, PP, I, 106; also
NYT
, 24 June 54.

48.
MENDES-FRANCE, “DOES MUCH LESS”:
q. Hoopes from
Le Monde
, 12 Feb 54.
CEASE-FIRE IN THIRTY DAYS:
Ambassador Dillon to Sec. of State, 6 July 54, PP (HR), Bk IX, 612.
CONSCRIPTION:
ibid.

49.
DULLES, “DELIBERATE THREAT”:
11 June 54, q. Hoopes, 230.

50.
CHOU EN-LAI’S ADVICE:
as told by Chou to Harrison Salisbury, Salisbury to author, 17 Feb 83.

3. Creating the Client

1.
FRENCH CASUALTIES:
Eisenhower,
Mandate
, 337.

2.
St. Louis Post-Dispatch
,
“A WAR TO STAY OUT OF”:
5 May 54, and other editorials, May 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 19, 22, 1954.
FITZPATRICK CARTOON:
ibid.,
wanted
, 8 June 54.

3.
REISCHAUER, “AN EXTREMELY INEFFECTIVE”:
178–9; 251–7.

4.
DULLES, “SO UNITED, SO STRONG”:
q. Hoopes, 242.

5.
ADMIRAL DAVIS, “NO BETTER PREPARED”:
PP, I, 212.

6.
DIEM’S CAREER:
Mansfield report to Senate FRC, 15 Oct 54, 83rd Congress, 2nd Session; see also Scheer.

7.
JUSTICE DOUGLAS INTRODUCES DIEM:
Scheer and Hinckle, “The Viet-Nam Lobby,” in Raskin and Fall, 69.

8.
AMERICANS “DIFFERENT” FROM THE FRENCH:
William Bundy to author, 18 Feb 81.

9.
JOINT CHIEFS, “ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL”:
PP, I, 215.

10.
JOINT CHIEFS, “NO ASSURANCE”:
PP, I, 218.

11.
“CHRIST HAS MOVED SOUTH”:
q. Cooper, 130.

12.
“VIETNAM PROBABLY WOULD HAVE TO BE WRITTEN OFF”:
report of the Lansdale Mission, PP, I, 577.

13.
FAURE, “NOT ONLY INCAPABLE BUT MAD”:
PP, I, 241.

14.
MANSFIELD REPORT:
U.S. Congress, Senate FRC, 83rd Congress, 2nd Session.

15.
EISENHOWER LETTER TO DIEM:
PP, I, 253.

16.
COLLINS’ REPORT:
PP, I, 226.
RE-AFFIRMED:
Collins, 408.

17.
LANSDALE MISSION:
PP, I, 573–83.

18.
FRENCH “DISPOSED TO EXPLORE”:
PP, I, 221.
SAINTENY, “ONLY POSSIBLE MEANS”:
ibid., 222.

19.
NYT
,
“PROVEN INEPT”:
C. L. Sulzberger, 18 Apr 55.

20.
DULLES, CHANCES “ONE IN TEN”:
Collins, 379.

21.
EISENHOWER, “LOTS OF DIFFICULTIES”:
q. Cooper, 142.

22.
278 HEATH, “OVER $300 MILLION”:
PP, I, 227.

23.
SPELLMAN, “ALAS!”:
NYT
, 31 Aug 54.

24.
DIEM DENIAL OF ELECTIONS:
PP, I, 245.

25.
“OUTRAGEOUS” METHODS:
Buttinger, II, 890.

26.
“OVERWHELMING MAJORITY”:
Leo Cherne in
Look
, 25 Jan 56; see also Cooper, 132.

27.
KENNEDY ON HO’S “POPULARITY”:
in Senate, 6 Apr 54, q. Scheer, 15.

28.
EISENHOWER “REFUSED TO AGREE”:
Ridgway,
Foreign Affairs
, 585; see also Eisenhower,
Mandate
, 372. state dept., “we support”: PP, I, 246.

29.
PHAM VAN DONG, “WE SHALL ACHIEVE UNITY”:
PP, I, 250.

30.
A STUDY BY AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENTISTS:
one of a series conducted in Vietnam from 1955 to 1962 by Michigan State University under the direction of Professor Wesley Fishel, q. Scheer, 53.

31.
GIAP, “WE EXECUTED”:
PP, I, 246.

32.
AMERICAN EMBASSY, “SITUATION MAY BE SUMMED UP”:
PP, I, 258.

33.
MANIFESTO OF THE EIGHTEEN AND ARRESTS:
Cooper, 159; text of Manifesto in Raskin and Fall, 116–21.
“INCAPABLE OF SAVING THE COUNTRY”:
ibid., 483;
WASHINGTON’S CONGRATULATIONS
: ibid.

34.
NLF TEN-POINT PROGRAM:
text in Raskin and Fall, 216–21.

4. “Married to Failure”

1.
“IT WAS SIMPLY A GIVEN”:
James Thomson,
NYT
Books, 4 Oct 70.

2.
KENNEDY, “CORNERSTONE … KEYSTONE”:
speech on “America’s Stake in Vietnam” to American Friends of Vietnam, June 1956, q. Lewy, 12.

3.
MC NAMARA, “WE HAVE THE POWER TO KNOCK”:
reportedly said at a Pentagon briefing, Robert D. Heinl,
Dictionary
of
Military and Naval Quotations
, Annapolis, 1966, 215.

4.
BUNDY, READY TO BE DEAN AT AGE TWELVE:
q. Halberstam, 52.

5.
THURMOND ON MC CONE:
Halberstam, 153.

6.
GALBRAITH, “THE DISASTROUS AND THE UNPALATABLE”:
Galbraith, 477.

7.
“THIS IS THE WORST WE HAVE HAD YET”:
Schlesinger, 320; PP, II, 6, 27.

8.
LANSDALE PROGRAM:
PP, II, 440–1.

9.
KENNEDY, “WHITE MAN’S WAR”:
Schlesinger, 505, 547.

10.
“WELL, MR. SCHOENBRUN”:
Schoenbrun to author.

11.
LIMITED WAR, “ADVANTAGES OF TERMINATING”:
q. Kaplan, 330.
KAUFMAN QUOTED:
ibid., 199.

12.
KENNEDY READ MAO AND CHE GUEVARA:
Schlesinger, 341.

13.
ROSTOW’S SPEECH AT FORT BRAGG:
Raskin and Fall, 108–16.

14.
LANSDALE, “A STRONGER APPEAL”:
q. Schlesinger, 986.

15.
BURKE, “PERSEVERANCE IN ABSURDITY”:
speech in Commons of 19 April 1774, Hansard XVIII.

16.
PENTAGON DISCUSSIONS ON “SIZE AND COMPOSITION”:
Action Memorandum, 11 May 61, PP, II, 642.

17.
EISENHOWER BRIEFING:
Gelb and Betts, 29.

18.
7TH FLEET TO SOUTH CHINA SEA, AND OTHER MOVEMENTS:
Ball, 363.

19.
LEMNITZER SUGGESTS NUCLEAR ARMS:
Galbraith, 467.
KENNEDY SHOCKED:
ibid.

20.
JOHNSON, “THE WINSTON CHURCHILL”:
q. Schlesinger, 541.
HIS REPORT:
text in PP, II, 55–9; see also Ball, 385.

21.
KENNEDY TO RESTON:
q. Gelb and Betts, 70.
“WE CANNOT AND WILL NOT”:
25 July 61, q. Sorensen, 583 ff.
READY TO RISK NUCLEAR WAR:
ibid.

22.
NITZE, “VALUE TO THE WEST”:
Thompson and Frizzell, 6.

23.
THEODORE WHITE, “SITUATION GETS WORSE”:
q. Schlesinger, 544.

24.
MCGARR’S ESTIMATE:
Taylor, 220–1.

25.
ROSTOW AS DR. PANGLOSS:
Macpherson, 258.
“BIGGEST COLD WARRIOR”:
q. Halberstam, 161.

26.
TAYLOR-ROSTOW REPORT:
PP, II, 14–15,90–98; Taylor, 227–44.

27.
“EXTERNAL AGGRESSION”:
q. Cohen, 184.

28.
STATE DEPT. ANNEXES:
PP, II, 95–7.

29.
RUSK, “A LOSING HORSE”:
PP, II, 105.

30.
“REGIME NOT VIABLE”:
in camera testimony to Senate FRC, 28 Feb 61, q. Cohen, iii.

31.
MCNAMARA-JCS RESPONSE:
PP, II, 108–09.
MCNAMARA-RUSK SECOND MEMORANDUM:
PP, II, 110–16.

32.
KENNEDY TO DIEM:
ibid., 805–06.

33.
DIEM “SEEMED TO WONDER”:
Acting Defense Minister Thuan Nguyen Dinh to Ambassador Nolting, ibid., 121.

34.
CASUALTY FIGURES:
PP (
NYT
), 110.

35.
REPUBLICAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE:
NYT
, 14 Feb 62. Kennedy,
“WE HAVE NOT SENT COMBAT TROOPS”:
PP, II, 808.

36.
ME NAMARA, “EVERY QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT”:
q. Schlesinger, 549.

37.
GALBRAITH’S REPORT:
Galbraith, 471–3; PP, II, 122–4.
LETTERS OF NOVEMBER, 1961 AND MARCH 1962:
Galbraith, 477–9; also PP, II, 670–1.
“MARRIED TO FAILURE”:
q. Schlesinger, 548.

38.
JES, “WELL-KNOWN COMMITMENT”:
Lemnitzer for JCS to Sec. of Defense, 13 Apr 62, ibid., 671–2.

39.
“WHAT THE NEWSMEN TOOK TO BE LIES”:
Mecklin, 100.
MANNING MEMORANDUM:
Salinger, 328; for the press war, see also Manning, ed.
Stakes
, 58–61.

40.
MANSFIELD, ZEAL WOULD BE THE UNDOING:
Macpherson, 45.
TOLD THE SENATE:
88th Congress, 1st Session, GPO, Washington, D.C., 1963.

41.
MANSFIELD-KENNEDY CONVERSATION:
O’Donnell.

42.
HILSMAN REPORT:
PP, II, 690–726.

43.
COGNITIVE DISSONANCE, “SUPPRESS, GLOSS OVER”:
I am indebted to Jeffrey Race for bringing this concept to my attention. The quoted passages are from his article in
Armed Forces and Society
. See also Leon Festinger,
A Theory
of
Cognitive Dissonance
, Evanston, 111., 1957.