The Making of the Mind: The Neuroscience of Human Nature (36 page)

13
. Andrew N. Meltzoff, Patricia K. Kuhl, Javier Movellan, and Terrence J. Sejnowski, “Foundations for a New Science of Learning,”
Science
325 (July 2009): 284.

14
. Peter Mundy and Lisa Newell, “Attention, Joint Attention, and Social Cognition,”
Current Directions in Psychological Science
16 (2007): 270.

15
. Rechele Brooks and Andrew N. Meltzoff, “The Development of Gaze Following and Its Relation to Language,”
Developmental Science
8 (2005): 535.

16
. Mundy and Newell, “Attention, Joint Attention, and Social Cognition,” p. 271.

17
. Tomasello,
The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition
, p. 63.

18
. Ibid., p. 68.

19
. Simon Baron-Cohen, Alan M. Leslie, Uta Frith, “Does the Autistic Child Have a ‘Theory of Mind,’”
Cognition
21 (1985): 39.

20
. Ibid., pp. 39–42.

21
. Ibid., pp. 37–39.

22
. Tomasello,
The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition
, p. 81.

23
. Meltzoff et al., “Foundations for a New Science of Learning,” p. 285.

24
. Ibid.

25
. Andrew Whiten, “The Second Inheritance System of Chimpanzees and Humans,”
Nature
437 (September 2005): 52–53.

26
. Ibid, p. 54.

27
. Tomasello,
The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition
, p. 29.

28
. Ibid., pp. 29–30.

29
. Ibid., p. 30.

30
. Whitten, “The Second Inheritance System,” p. 54.

31
. Ibid.

32
. Tomasello,
The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition
, p. 30.

33
. Ibid., p. 35.

34
. Merlin Donald,
Origins of the Modern Mind
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991), p. 149.

35
. Brian Hare, “From Nonhuman to Human Mind: What Changed and Why?”
Current Directions in Psychological Science
16 (2007): 61.

CHAPTER 4. LANGUAGE

1
. Charles Darwin,
The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex
, 2nd ed. (New York: Collier, 1905), p. 171.

2
. André Parrot,
The Tower of Babel
(New York: Philosophical Library, 1955), p. 17.

3
. Ibid., pp. 18–23.

4
. Jean Aitchison,
The Seeds of Speech: Language Origin and Evolution
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 5.

5
. Joel Davis,
Mother Tongue: How Humans Create Language
(New York: Birch Lane Press, 1994), p. 26.

6
. L. L. Cavalli-Sforza and F. Cavalli-Sforza,
The Great Human Diasporas: The History of Diversity and Evolution
(Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1995), pp. 169–70.

7
. Ibid., pp. 180–82.

8
. Merritt Ruhlen,
The Origin of Language: Tracing the Evolution of the Mother Tongue
(New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1994), p. 163–64.

9
. Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Alberto Piazza, Paolo Menozzi, and Joanna Mountain, “Reconstruction of Human Evolution: Bringing Together Genetic, Archaeological, and Linguistic Data,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
85 (1988): 6005.

10
. Ibid.

11
. Ruhlen,
The Origin of Language
, pp. 27–28.

12
. Terrence W. Deacon,
The Symbolic Species: The Co-Evolution of Language and the Brain
(New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1997), p. 22.

13
. Ruhlen,
The Origin of Language
, p. 31.

14
. Ibid.

15
. Ibid., p. 30.

16
. Ronald T. Kellogg,
Cognitive Psychology
, 2nd ed. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995), p. 269.

17
. Ibid., p. 308.

18
. Russell A. Poldrack and Anthony D. Wagner, “What Can Neuroimaging Tell Us about the Mind: Insights from Prefrontal Cortex,”
Current Directions in Psychological Science
13 (2004): 177–78.

19
. Kellogg,
Cognitive Psychology
, pp. 302–304.

20
. Ibid., pp. 281–83.

21
. Ibid., pp. 272–73.

22
. Herbert Clark,
Using Language
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 3.

23
. Klaus Zuberbühler, “The Phylogenetic Roots of Language: Evidence from Primate Communication and Cognition,”
Current Directions in Psychological Science
14 (2005): 127.

24
. Ibid., p. 128.

25
. Morton H. Christiansen and Simon Kirby, “Language Evolution: Consensus and Controversies,”
TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences
7 (July 2003): 301.

26
. Derek Bickerton,
Language and Species
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), p. 14.

27
. Roger Fouts,
Next of Kin: What Chimpanzees Have Taught Me about Who We Are
(New York: William Morrow and Company, 1998), p. 24.

28
. Phillip Liberman,
Eve Spoke: Human Language and Human Evolution
(New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1998), pp. 45–61.

29
. Cecilia S. L. Lai et al., “FOXP2 Expression during Brain Development Coincides with Adult Sites of Pathology in Severe Speech and Language Disorder,”
Brain
126 (2003): 2455–62.

30
. Wolfgang Enard et al., “Molecular Evolution of FOXP2, a Gene Involved in Speech and Language,”
Nature
418 (August 2002): 871.

31
. Beatrice T. Gardner and R. Allen Gardner, “Evidence for Sentence Constituents in the Early Utterances of Child and Chimpanzee,”
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
104 (1975): 244–48.

32
. E. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh and Duane M. Rumbaugh, “The Emergence of Language.” In
Tools, Language and Cognition in Human Evolution
, eds. Kathleen R. Gibson and Tim Ingold (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 90.

33
. Ibid., pp. 92–99.

34
. Bickerton,
Language and Species
, pp. 107–109.

35
. Kellogg,
Cognitive Psychology
, pp. 283–88.

36
. Merlin Donald,
Origins of the Modern Mind: Three Stages in the Evolution of Culture and Cognition
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), p. 211.

37
. Ibid., pp. 165–68.

38
. Susan Goldin-Meadow “Talking and Thinking with Our Hands,”
Current Directions in Psychological Science 15
(2006): 38.

39
. Ibid., p. 34.

CHAPTER 5. THE INTERPRETER OF CONSCIOUSNESS

1
. Michael S. Gazzaniga, Richard B. Ivry, and George R. Mangun,
Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of Mind
(New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1998), pp. 330–31.

2
. Ibid., pp. 344–45.

3
. Michael S. Gazzaniga,
The Mind's Past
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), pp. 1–2.

4
. Ibid., p. 133.

5
. Michael S. Gazzaniga, “Cerebral Specialization and Interhemispheric Communication: Does the Corpus Callosum Enable the Human Condition?”
Brain
123 (2000): 1316.

6
. Ibid., p. 1318.

7
. Ibid., p. 1316.

8
. George Wolford, Michael B. Miller, and Michael Gazzaniga, “The Left Hemisphere's Role in Hypothesis Formation,”
Journal of Neuroscience
20 (2000 RC64): 1–2.

9
. Ibid.

10
. Gazzaniga,
The Mind's Past
, p. 134.

11
. Ibid., p. 136.

12
. Ibid.

13
. Jennifer A. Whitson and Adam D. Galinsky, “Lacking Control Increases Illusory Pattern Perception,”
Science
322 (October 2008): 115.

14
. Ibid.

15
. Ibid., p. 116.

16
. Matthew E. Roser et al., “Dissociating Processes Supporting Causal Perception and Causal Inference in the Brain,”
Neuropsychology
19 (2005): 593–96.

17
. Ibid., p. 597.

18
. Michael Tomasello,
The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), p. 22.

19
. Ibid.

20
. Ibid.

21
. Gazzaniga,
The Mind's Past
, p. 153.

22
. Ibid., p. 154.

23
. Lev S. Vygotsky,
Thought and Language
. Translation newly revised and edited by Alex Kozulin (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1986), p. 14.

24
. David C. Rubin, “The Basic-Systems Model of Episodic Memory,”
Perspectives on Psychological Science
1 (2006): 284.

25
. Eric Klinger,
Daydreaming: Using Waking Fantasy and Imagery for Self-knowledge and Creativity
(Los Angeles, CA: Jeremy P. Tarcher, 1990), pp. 68–69.

26
. Ibid., p. 68.

27
. Helen Markus and Elissa Wurf “The Dynamic Self-Concept: A Social and Psychological Perspective”
Annual Review of Psychology
38 (1987): 299–301.

28
. David J. Turk et al. “Mike or Me? Self-Recognition in a Split-Brain Patient”
Nature Neuroscience
9 (September 2002): 841–42.

29
. Mark L. Howe, “Memories from the Cradle,”
Current Directions in Psychological Science
12 (2003): 63.

30
. Ibid., pp. 62–65.

31
. Markus and Wurf, “The Dynamic Self-Concept,” p. 304.

32
. Shelley E. Taylor,
Positive Illusions: Creative Self-Deception and the Healthy Mind
(New York: Basic Books, 1989), p. 8.

33
. Ibid., pp. 29–32.

34
. Ibid., pp. 32–45.

35
. Ibid., pp. 212–15.

36
. Ibid., pp. 126–33.

37
. Jill Bolte Taylor,
My Stroke of Insight: A Brain Scientist's Personal Journey
(New York: Viking, 2006), p. 66–67.

CHAPTER 6. MENTAL TIME TRAVEL

1
. Endel Tulving, “Episodic Memory: From Mind to Brain,”
Annual Review of Psychology
53 (2002): 1–2.

2
. Ronald T. Kellogg,
Cognitive Psychology
, 2nd ed. (Thousand Oaks: CA, 2003), p. 151.

3
. Brenda Milner, “Amnesia following Operations on the Temporal Lobes.” In
Amnesia
, eds. C. M. W. Whitty and O. L. Zangwill (London: Butterworths, 1966), pp. 112–14.

4
. Ibid., pp. 113–14.

5
. Tulving, “Episodic Memory,” pp. 12–16.

6
. Ibid., p. 14.

7
. Endel Tulving, “Episodic Memory and Autonoesis: Uniquely Human?” In
The Missing Link in Cognition
, eds. Herbert S. Terrace and Janet Metcalfe (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 36.

8
. Ibid., pp. 37–38.

9
. Bennett L. Schwartz, “Do Nonhuman Primates Have Episodic Memory?” In
The Missing Link in Cognition
, eds. Herbert S. Terrace and Janet Metcalfe (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 233–35.

10
. Tulving, “Episodic Memory and Autonoesis,” p. 40.

11
. Kellogg,
Cognitive Psychology
, p. 176.

12
. Ulrich Neisser, “John Dean's Memory.” In
Memory Observed: Remembering in Natural Contexts
2nd ed. (New York: Worth Publishers, 2000), p. 272.