The Mafia Encyclopedia (93 page)

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Authors: Carl Sifakis

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Page 268
Lucchese never stopped boasting about his oldest son who went to West Point to lead a successful military career and life that avoided all connection with his father's "business."
Chin Gigante never permitted any of his sons to be made. Neither did Paul Castellano nor Sammy the Bull, the latter vowing he would see to it that his son never followed in his footsteps.
Carlo Gambino, at least according to mob dogma, always said he would have his sons stay legit or he would kill them. The fact remains, however, he set them up in the mob-contaminated trucking business in New York's garment district. If that was an effort of keep them clean, it was a rather unique approach.
There have been many instance of high Mafia bosses moving up as their father's successor. That was true of the Trafficante father and son in Tampa, the Patriarcas in New England, the Zerillis in Detroit and so on. It remains difficult to determine in the fathers in these cases really wanted that kind of succession.
There is no doubt that Joe Colombo Sr. was following family tradition. His grandfather was in the mob and strangled for some breach of mob etiquette. Similarly, Colombo's father Anthony was rubbed out in the same fashion in 1938, and it was well known he had broken mob rules. None of this disillusioned Joe Colombo. Once asked by a reporter if he had ever tried of find his father's killers, Colombo gave his a withering look and snapped, "Don't the pay policeman for that?" There was no rescuing the third Colombo from the forces of nepotism.
Today the most prominent Mafia son of course is John Gotti Jr. It was said that Gotti originally wanted both his sons, Junior and Frank, to be successful in legitimate fields. The effort to set them straight was wasted in Junior's case. years of training at a military academy did little good, and he gravitated of the fringes of the mob, soon being dubbed the "baby monster" by the press (and by other mafiosi out of hearing range of his father).
The elder Gotti had no choice but to accept his son into the Gambino family. it might have been different in the case of young Frank, who unlike his brother, showed a great aptitude for learning. Fotti sent Frank to an expensive private school and beamed about his son's academy abilities. He would corner mob associates (some of whom could barely read) with his report &!; "Look at that, four fucking A'! Did you ever hear of a kid who was so smart in school, huh?" And Gotti was even more impressed by the teachers' mary comments of praise added on the back of the report card.
Gotti intended to send his son to a top Ivy League university and probably would have made sure he became a leader in some honest profession.
Then 12-year-old Frank was killed while riding his bike when a car driven by a neighbor, John Favara, stuck him. Favara would die for his no-fault driving. That probably placated John Gotti to some extent and perhaps weakened his resolve to save junior from the life. After John Gotti went to prison for life, he named his son "acting boss" of the crime family.
Ness, Eliot (19021957): Head of the "Untouchables"
In 1928, a University of Chicago graduate, 26-year-old Eliot Ness, was put in charge of a special Prohibition detail set up a harass the Capone gang. The local police and regular Prohibition agents were incapable of doing so since most, if not all, were on one or another of Capone's bribe payrolls.
Ness set about assembling a squad of nine agents who would be "untouchable," or unbribable. Meticulously, he went through hundreds of files until he came up with nine agentsall in their 20who had "no Achilles' heel in their make-ups." Incorruptible, they also were experts in varied activities helpful in fighting bootleggerswiretapping, tuck driving and, above all, marksmanship. When the detectives moved into action, the underworld soon found them to be dedicated to their task, defiant of all threats and violence and unresponsive to case payments. It was the underworld, stunned of find lawmen of the period who could neither be bought nor frightened, that dubbed Ness's men the "Untouchables."
The Untouchables are now a part of American criminal folklore. Latter-day television, in a show called
The Untouchables
, attributed much more credit and impact to them than they deserved, insisting they practically brought the Capone organization to its knees. Actually, their frequent raids of mob stills and distribution centers did cost the Capones a considerable amount of money but hardly caused Chicago to dry updespite the claims of Ness at the time and his enthusiastic biographers then and now.
Ness thrived on personal publicity and always informed the press whenever a major raid on a brewery was in the works. The army of photographers who descended on the site frequently got in the way and sometimes even caused a raid to be bungled, but Nass's superiors were pleased. The publicity he produced proved that the Capone gang was not invulnerable. And Ness did provide a sort of smokescreen, distracting Capone while other federal agents infiltrated his organization to come up with tax evasion facts that eventually sent America;s greatest gangster of prison.
After the fall of Capone, Ness continued warring on Prohibition violations in Chicago and, later, in the "moonshine mountains" of Tennessee, kentucky and Ohio.
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Although his Chicago exploits are best remembered, Ness's most impressive work against organized crime took place in Cleveland, Ohio, where he was named public safety director in 1935 by a reform city administration. Cleveland at the time was as corrupt a big city as any in the nation, its police force notorious for being "on the pad," taking underworld graft. Builders couldn't operate in the city without paying off labor racketeers. A vicious gang called the Mayfield Road Mob, Jewish and Italian criminals working in profitable harmony, strangled and blighted virtually every neighborhood with gambling, bootlegging and prostitution rackets. Violence was common on the streets, and gang killings and the one-way rides were about as prevalent as they were in Chicago. Given a free hand, Ness knew that if he was to create a new environment in the city he would have to reform the police department. He ordered mass transfers and fired officers for taking bribes or being drunk on duty.
During his six years on the job, Ness himself was the object of shootings, beatings, threats and even an attempted police frame-up. But in the end, Ness was able to carry out what was called his "Midwest Mopup," transforming Cleveland, in the words of one crime historian, "from the deadliest metropolis to 'the safest big city in the U.S.A.'" The Mayfield Road Mob was crushed, and such syndicate leaders as Moe Dalitz were forced to move their gambling operations to outlying counties, and, eventually, because of continuing pressure, into northern Kentucky.
During World War II, Ness served as federal director of the Division of Social Protection for the Office of Defense, cracking down on prostitution and venereal disease around military establishments and vital production areas throughout the country. After the war, he worked in private business until his death at 54 in 1957.
New Orleans Mafia Mass Lynchings
There are two theories about the infamous mass lynchings of (alleged) mafiosi in New Orleans in 1891: One, an enraged populace rose up against Mafia criminality, which was real and running roughshod over the law; two, the attack was triggered by the most heinous, bigoted feelings and actually encouraged by the power structure of the day. Just a week after the lynching the
Saturday Review
stated, "it is at least possible that some hatred of very industrious and successful competitors in business mingled with the more respectable zeal of the lynching party." Neither theory is airtight. Although there was some desire to undermine the growing economic power of local Italian Americans, only the most rabid of the "there-ain't-no-mafia-school" could deny the criminal society's presence in New Orleans.
Slain Chief of Police David Hennessey
New Orleans probably was the most anti-Italian city of the era, and its mayor, Joseph A. Shakespeare, was one of the most anti-Italian politicians of his time. A letter from his office castigated Southern Italians and Sicilians as "... the most idle, vicious and worthless people among us.... Except the Poles we know of no other nationality which is [as] objectionable as a people."
But turn-of-the-century New Orleans was filled not only with venal politicians and police on-the-take, but also with many Italian criminals. It was the Italian immigrants who jammed the New Orleans ghettos, which, like any other ghetto, spewed out criminals. Undoubtedly, many Italian criminals of the period were not mafiosi, but it must be conceded that New Orleans represented one of the main ports of entry for mafiosi into the United States, probably rivaling New York.
It is difficult to pinpoint the first appearance of the Mafia in America but it was probably in New Orleans during the late 1800s. Between 1888 and 1890 the New Orleans Mafia (made up of disparate groups as was the case in Sicily) committed an estimated 40 murders without serious opposition. During this period,
Page 270
Antonio and Carlo (or Charley) Matranga, two Honored Society members from Palermo, Sicily, took control of the Mississippi River docks. Tribute had to be paid to them before a freighter could be unloaded. However, the Matranga operations were challenged by the Provenzano brothers, leaders of another Mafia group. War broke out between the two groups, and killing along the docks became a regular occurrence.
The police failed to stop the battling until the flamboyant chief of police, David Peter Hennessey, personally took over. Soon the Matrangas found themselves hassled at every turn while the Provenzanos were left virtually unbothered. The Matrangas sent warning to the chief but the pressure continued. So they tried to bribe him, only to have him reject their offer. This convinced the Matrangas that the Provenzanos had offered him more and that Hennessey was determined to have a piece of the riverfront rackets for himself. So they fell back to an old Sicilian custom of killing the government official who got in their way. They did not understand the ramifications that would follow the killing of an American police chief.
Hennessey wrote his epitaph when police, conducting a routine murder investigation, charged two Provenzano brothers with complicity in the murder of a Matranga gangster whose head had been sliced off and stuffed in a fireplace. The Matrangas, determined to kill off the Provenzanos, hired some of the city's foremost lawyers to aid the prosecution. Then Chief Hennessey came to the rescue. He told the press he had uncovered the existence of a criminal society, the Mafia, in the city and would offer proof during the Provenzanos' trial. On October 15, 1890, Hennessey left his office for home. He was cut down by a shotgun blast a half-block from his house. Hennessey managed to direct some shots at a number of his fleeing assailants and when asked who had shot him, he whispered "Dagoes" and collapsed.
The murder outraged the citizens of New Orleans who liked Hennessey, despite many unsavory elements in his police record with the city and despite the likelihood that he might be on the take. A grand jury was convened and announced that "the existence of a secret organization known as the Mafia has been established beyond doubt." Nineteen men described as Mafia members were indicted as principals and conspirators in the Hennessey murder, but the trial was perceived by most people as a farce. A large number of the 60 potential witnesses were threatened, intimidated or bribed, and several members of the jury were later found to have taken bribes as well. Despite what was regarded as overwhelming evidence against at least 11 of the defendants, all but three were acquitted, and the jury could not reach a verdict on these three.
One of two men strung up by a mob determined to
destroy what was perceived to be the mafia
in New Orleans.
All the defendants were returned to the parish prison to await final disposition of their case and then released. There can be little doubt there was considerable elation and celebration of the jury verdict in the Italian section of the city, which inflamed public opinion. (Some observers maintain that the celebrations in the Italian quarter were solely festivities for the birthday of King
The lynchers cornered and executed seven of the
alleged mafiosi in firing-squad fashion.
Page 271
Umberto I of Italy, but it is ludicrous to believe that a people as discriminated against as the Italians would not celebrate the acquittal of their countrymen. If they had not, the Italians would have been strikingly different from any other national or racial group under similar circumstances.)
What followed was a blot on New Orleans. Two days after the trial's surprise ending, a great number of mass meetings and other protests fanned by outright bigotry were held. Ultimately, a mob of several thousands, headed by 60 leading citizens, marched on the jail. They had a death list composed of the 11 defendants against whom the evidence was the strongest. Left off the list were those defendants against whom the evidence was weakest, including the Matranga brothers.
Two of the mafiosi were pulled screaming to the street and hanged from lampposts. Seven others were executed by firing squads in the jail yard, and two more were riddled with bullets as they hid in a doghouse built for the jail's guard dog. Prominent in the lynch mob were a goodly number of blacks, giving the lynching a unique dimension in the American South.
While some newspapers denounced the hangings, the citizens and especially the business community seemed rather pleased by what had been done. A new song, ''Hennessey Avenged," by a popular poet named Fred Bessel became a best-seller.
For a time the lynchings threatened international complications. Italy recalled its ambassador, severed diplomatic relations with the United States and demanded reparations and punishment for the lynchers. Eventually, the affair was settled with Washington paying $25,000 to the dead men's relatives in Italy.
The lynchings did not kill the Mafia in New Orleans, although newspapers announced, "The Mafia Exterminated." However, the affair did make an impression on mafiosi. Charley Matranga, who was to pick up the leadership of the mafiosi in New Orleans and rule until the early 1920s, managed to stay in the background thereafter and issue orders that were carried out by front men. And when Lucky Luciano formed the national crime syndicate, a basic rule was enunciated that under no circumstances was a police officer to be murdered.
Night of the Sicilian Vespers: Mafia folklore
According to a former U.S. attorney general, "forty members of La Cosa Nostra died by gunfire" on September 10, 1931the same day the Luciano-Lansky forces eradicated the last obstacle to their power, Salvatore Maranzano. Many criminal accounts hold these murders took place all around the country as old Mustache Petes were assassinated to make way for the new order of organized crime. Yet, no one has ever been able to compile a list of the 40 supposed victims on the Night of the Sicilian Vespers.
A number of murders in the New York area were tied to Maranzano's fate, but these were more or less predictable rubouts of the crime leader's more ardent supporters. Such underlings included Jimmy Marino, gunned down as he stood in the doorway of a Bronx barbershop, and Louis Russo and Sam Monaco, who were reported missing and not found for three days when their bodies, throats slit and skulls smashed, washed ashore in Newark Bay. (Informer Joe Valachi recollected, "Sam had an iron pipe hammered up his ass.") The Luciano-Lansky final touch was obvious: Maranzano faithful were admonished to eschew revenge and join the new setup.
But what of the alleged murders glorified in the press as the Night of the Sicilian Vespers? Luciano maintained that mass slayings were unnecessary, and he was right. Younger mafiosi around the country had been knocking off older Mustache Petes in the past few years for the same reason Luciano had killed Maranzano and before him Joe the Boss Masseria: They stood in the way of new ways to make money. And Luciano said, "The real and only reason Maranzano got his was so that we could stop the killin'. That it was all over."
There was one other killing that fatal night, however. Gerardo Scarpato, the owner of the Nuova Villa Tammaro, the Coney Island restaurant where Joe the Boss was murdered, was killed. Scarpato had conveniently disappeared from the restaurant to go for a walk along the beach before Luciano went to the bathroom and four killers walked in and gunned down Joe the Boss. It may be presumed that Luciano felt killing off Scarpato would be a nice gesture to the Masseria faithful.
See also:
Castellammarese War; Luciano, Charles "Lucky"; Maranzano, Salvatore; Mustache Petes
.
Nitti, Frank (18841943): Capone mob lieutenant
Probably no gangster in American history should be more indebted to television than Frank Nitti. He was introduced to the video-watching public as the great Chicago underworld brain, the foe of the intrepid Eliot Ness and
The Untouchables
.
The post-Capone Outfit has always proved a bit confusing to the law and mob watchers alike. Using "front men" to a far greater extent than other crime familiesthe conviction of Capone had been a sobering lessonthe boys made it difficult for outsiders to determine the exact power structure. No wonder in later years other syndicate criminals looked at Chicago with unconcealed horror. Informer Vinnie Teresa said, "Chicago is an eat-'em-up-alive outfit ... everyone is struggling to

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