The Kingdom of Speech (17 page)

85
 Noam Chomsky,
Syntactic Structures
(The Hague: Mouton & Co., 1957), v.

86
 Ibid.

87
 Daniel Yergin, “The Chomskyan Revolution,”
Noam Chomsky: Critical Assessments,
ed. Carlos Peregrín Otero (London: Routledge, 1994), 42.

88
 John R. Searle, “A Special Supplement: Chomsky's Revolution in Linguistics,”
New York Review of Books
(June 29, 1972).

89
 Noam Chomsky, “The Case Against B. F. Skinner,”
New York Review of Books
(December 30, 1971).

90
 B. F. Skinner, “A Critique of Psychoanalytic Concepts and Theories,”
Cumulative Record,
3rd ed. (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1972), 238–48. In the same article he claims that Freud lets psychoanalysis “steal the show” from behavioral and environmental factors.

91
 B. F. Skinner,
Verbal Behavior
(Cambridge, MA: B. F. Skinner Foundation, 2014), chapter 1 (e-book edition).

92
 Noam Chomsky, “A Review of B. F. Skinner's
Verbal Behavior,”
in Leon A. Jakobovits and Murray S. Miron (eds.),
Readings in the Psychology of Language
 (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1967), 142–143, available at https://chomsky.info/1967/.

93
 Ibid.

94
 Ibid.

95
 Ibid.

96
 Ibid.

97
 The interview was originally published in
Omni
magazine's November 1983 issue. An online transcript is available at https://chomsky.info/interviews/.

98
 Ibid.

99
  Chomsly, “The Case Against B. F. Skinner.”

100
 Per Chomsky's March 10, 1984, letter to Lou Rollins, available at http://www.countercontempt.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/IMG.pdf.

101
 Noam Chomsky,
Understanding Power: The Indispensable Chomsky,
ed. Peter R. Mitchell and John Schoeffel (New York: The New Press, 2002), 231.

102
 Ibid, 245.

103
 Noam Chomsky, “Comments on Dershowitz” (August 17, 2006), available at www.chomsky.info/letters/20060817.htm.

104
 Noam Chomsky, “Reply to Hitchens's Rejoinder,”
The Nation,
October 15, 2001.

105
Noam Chomsky, “Reply to Werner Cohn,”
Outlook,
June 1, 1989.

106
 Noam Chomsky, interview with Vince Emanuele for Veterans Unplugged, “Virtual Town Hall,” December 2012. An archive of this interview is available at chomsky.globl.org.

107
 Quoted in Tom Bartlett, “Angry Words,”
The Chronicle of Higher Education,
March 20, 2012. The original quotation was from an interview in Portuguese: Da Redação, “Ele virou um charlatão,”
Folha de S.Paulo,
September 1, 2009. (The title refers to Everett and translates as “He became a charlatan.”)

108
 Noam Chomsky, “A Special Supplement: The Responsibility of Intellectuals,”
New York Review of Books,
February 23, 1967. www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1967/feb/23/a-special-supplement-the-responsibility-of-intelle/.

109
 Chomsky writes about this (and the others in “the prison dormitory”) in “On Resistance,”
New York Review of Books,
December 7, 1967.

110
 See Harriet Feinberg,
Elsie Chomsky: A Life in
Jewish Education
(Waltham, MA: Hadassah-Brandeis Institute, 1999).

111
 For more on this history, see William I. Brustein,
Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe Before the Holocaust
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's website at www.ushmm.org.

112
 Jose Pierats, “The Revolution on the Land,” in
The Anarchist Collectives: Workers' Self-Management in the Spanish Revolution, 1936–1939,
ed. Sam Dolgoff (New York: Free Life Editions, 1974). Pierats cites Augustin Souchy Bauer as the primary source for these numbers. See also Antony Beevor,
The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939
(New York: Penguin Books, 2006).

113
 From an interview in Noam Chomsky,
The Chomsky Reader,
ed. James Peck (New York: Pantheon Books, 1987), 5.  “Noam Chomsky,” Britannica.com.

114
 Paul Robinson, “The Chomsky Problem,”
New York Times Book Review,
February 25, 1979 (a review of Chomsky's
Language and Responsibility
).

115
 Eugene Garfield, “The 250 Most-Cited Authors in the
Arts & Humanities Citation Index,
1976–1983,”
Current Contents
48 (December 1, 1986), 3–10.

116
 Robin Blackburn, “For and Against Chomsky,”
Prospect,
November 2005.

117
 Jason Cowley, “Heroes of Our Time—The Top 50,”
New Statesman,
May 22, 2006.

118
 Larissa MacFarquhar, “The Devil's Accountant,”
New Yorker,
March 31, 2003.

119
 “Noam Chomsky,” in Brian Duignan, ed.,
The 100 Most Influential Philosophers of All Time
(New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, 2010), 314–16.

120
 Counts come from Chomsky's website, www.chomsky.info/books.htm.

121
 See Marc D. Hauser, Noam Chomsky, and W. Tecumseh Fitch, “The Faculty of Language: What Is It, Who Has It, and How Did It Evolve?”
Science
298, no. 5598 (November 22, 2002), 1569–79.

122
 Daniel L. Everett, “Pirahã,” in
Handbook of Amazonian Languages,
ed. Desmond C. Derbyshire and Geoffrey K. Pullum (Berlin: Mouton DeGruyter, 1986), 1:200–326. For an example of Everett's academic adulation of Chomsky, see pages 256–57.

123
 Daniel Everett, “Cultural Constraints on Grammar and Cognition in Pirahã: Another Look at the Design Features of Human Language,”
Current Anthropology
46, no. 4 (August–October 2005).

124
 For more on Everett's personal history, see his interview in the
Telegraph
(“Daniel Everett: Lost in Translation” by William Leith, April 10, 2012) and a profile in the
New Yorker
(“The Interpreter” by John Colapinto, April 16, 2007).

125
 Learn more about the Pirahã language and Everett's initial experience with the tribe in Daniel Everett,
Don't Sleep, There Are Snakes
(New York: Pantheon Books, 2008). In the book, Everett also recounts the experiences of earlier missionaries who were unsuccessful.

126
 Everett addresses this in
Handbook of Amazonian Languages
.

127
 Everett,
Don't Sleep, There Are Snakes,
132.

128
 Ibid.

129
 Ibid.

130
 Jennifer M. D. Yoon, Nathan Witthoft, Jonathan Winawer, Michael C. Frank, Daniel L. Everett, and Edward Gibson, “Cultural Differences in Perceptual Reorganization in US and Pirahã Adults,”
PLoS ONE
9, no. 11 (November 20, 2014).

131
 Ibid.

132
 Ibid.

133
 Ibid.

134
 Rafaela von Bredow, “Brazil's Pirahã Tribe: Living Without Numbers or Time,”
Der Spiegel,
May 3, 2006.

135
 Elizabeth Davies, “Unlocking the Secret Sounds of Language: Life Without Time or Numbers,”
Independent,
May 6, 2006.

136
 Liz Else and Lucy Middleton, “Interview: Out on a Limb over Language,”
New Scientist,
January 16, 2008.

137
 Quoted in Geoffrey K. Pullum, “Fear and Loathing on Massachusetts Avenue,”
Language Log
(of the Linguistic Data Consortium of the University of Pennsylvania), November 29, 2006, available at http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003837.html. Archives of the complete message, which was dated November 28, 2006, are available online, including on the Boston Area Neuroscience Talks group on Yahoo (http://yhoo.it/1SdpILf).

138
 Bartlett, “Angry Words.”

139
 The 2007 article is still available on LingBuzz at http://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/000411.

140
 “Recursion and Human Thought: Why the Pirahã Don't Have Numbers,”
Edge,
June 11, 2007, available at https://edge.org/conversation/daniel_l_everett-recursion-and-human-thought. In the “Reality Club” follow-up discussion, Pesetsky takes issue with Everett's claims that Pesetsky and his coauthors have ties to MIT: “We are all experienced researchers, and we are not all from MIT.”

141
 MIT keeps track of all dissertations and advisers in a public online database called DSpace@MIT (dspace.mit.edu).

142
 Ibid.

143
 Colapinto, “The Interpreter.”

144
 Andrew Nevins, David Pesetsky, and Cilene Rodrigues, “Pirahã Exceptionality: A Reassessment,”
Language
85, no. 2 (June 2009), 355–404.

147
 Everett,
Don't Sleep, There Are Snakes
.

148
“Excerpt: ‘Don't Sleep, There Are Snakes,'” from the series
Best Books 2009,
December 23, 2009, available at http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=121515579.

149
 Everett,
Don't Sleep, There Are Snakes
.

150
 Quoted in Bartlett, “Angry Words.”

151
 Quoted in Claudio Angelo, “O Iconoclasta” (“The Iconoclast”),
Folha de S.Paulo,
February 1, 2009.

152
 Michael Tomasello, “Universal Grammar Is Dead,”
Behavioral and Brain Sciences
32, no. 5 (October 2009), 470–71. From the article's abstract: “To make progress in understanding human linguistic competence, cognitive scientists must abandon the idea of an innate universal grammar and instead try to build theories that explain both linguistic universals and diversity and how they emerge.”

153
 Vyvyan Evans,
The Language Myth
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2014), i.

154
 Larry Trask, quoted in Andrew Brown, “A Way with Words,” the
Guardian,
June 25, 2003. Trask died in 2004, a year before Everett's paper “Cultural Constraints on Grammar and Cognition in Pirahã” was published.

155
 Author's phone interview with Noam Chomsky on May 3, 2016.

156
 Noam Chomsky, “What Is Language and Why Does It Matter?” Lecture given at 2013 Linguistic Society of America Summer Institute at the University of Michigan, available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-72JNZZBoVw.

157
 Rachel Feltman, “Birdsong and Human Speech Turn Out to Be Controlled by the Same Genes,”
Washington Post,
December 11, 2014.

158
 Marc Hauser, et al., “The Mystery of Language Evolution,”
Frontiers in Psychology,
May 7, 2014.

159
 Chris Sinha, “Language and Other Artifacts: Socio-Cultural Dynamics of Niche Construction,”
Frontiers in Psychology,
October 20, 2015.

160
 Andy Clark,
Being There: Putting Brain, Body, and World Together Again
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997), 193.