The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara (61 page)

14
. “Notificazione Ecclesiastica,” signed M. Card. Viale-Prelà, Arciv., dated Palazzo Arcivescovile di Bologna, August 29, 1859, AAB-N.

15
. “Notificazione Ecclesiastica,” signed M. Card. Viale-Prelà, Arciv., dated Palazzo Arcivescovile di Bologna, December 8, 1859, AAB-N.

16
. Bottrigari,
Cronaca,
vol. 2, p. 509.

17
. On the political uses of ritual, see David I. Kertzer,
Ritual, Politics, and Power
(1988).

18
. On the rituals of the French Revolution, see Mona Ozouf,
La fěte révolutionnaire
(1976).

19
. Dallolio, “Bologna nel 1859,” pp. 193–5.

20
. Bottrigari,
Cronaca,
vol. 2, pp. 514–15.

21
. Fantini, “Un arcivescovo bolognese,” p. 226.

22
. Dallolio, “Bologna nel 1859,” p. 205.

23
. Letter from Odo Russell to Lord J.R., December 10, 1859, no. 138, in Blakiston,
The Roman Question,
p. 65.

CHAPTER 18

1
. Joseph Pavia, letter from Bologna, November 13, 1859, in
Archives Israélites,
December 1859, pp. 708–10.

2
. ASB-FV, p. 4.

3
. A year later, Curletti would himself end up in a Turin jail, awaiting trial for murder in a complex tangle involving charges of organizing gangs of thieves and committing political assassinations. In the face of his threats that he would tell all about the secret misdeeds of Farini, Cavour, and other architects of the new state, his wardens allowed him to escape. But in 1861, still bitter about the way he had been treated, he published (with a confederate)—apparently richly compensated by ultramontane Catholic backers—a scandalous exposé of Farini and colleagues that was translated into several European languages. Curletti was forced to flee Europe altogether and died in obscurity in Philadelphia in 1876. Rodolfo Fantini, “Due ‘buone lane’ nelle vicende del nostro Risorgimento: Griscelli e Curletti,”
Strenna storica bolognese
15 (1965): 99–112; Adriano Colocci,
Griscelli e le sue memorie
(1909). The exposé was published under the pseudonymous initials “J.A.,” as
La vérité sur les hommes et les choses du royaume d’Italie. Révélations par J.A., ancien agent secret du compte du Cavour
(1861). For the view taken by the Church of the affair, see the notice in
Civiltà Cattolica,
ser. 4, vol. 12 (1861), pp. 121–3.

4
. ASB-FV, pp. 12–14.

5
. On the transition of the Bologna police force from the old to the new regime, see Hughes,
Crime, Disorder and the Risorgimento.

6
. ASB-FV, pp. 5–7.

7
. The literature on the Inquisition is massive. On the various forms of the modern Inquisition, see Gustav Henningsen and John Tedeschi, eds.,
The Inquisition in Early Modern Europe
(1986); Romano Canosa,
Storia dell’Inquisizione in Italia dalla metà del Cinquecento alla fine del Settecento,
5 vols. (1986–90); Stephen Haliczer, ed.,
Inquisition and Society in Early Modern Europe
(1987); John Tedeschi,
The Prosecution of Heresy, Collected Studies on the Inquisition in Early Modern Italy
(1991); Andrea Del Col and Giovanna Paolin, eds.,
L’Inquisizione romana in Italia nell’età moderna
(1991), especially Andrea Prosperi, “Per la storia dell’Inquisizione romana,” pp. 27–64. On the treatment of Jews by the modern Italian Inquisition, see Michele Luzzati, ed.,
L’Inquisizione e gli ebrei in Italia
(1994); Nicolas Davidson, “The Inquisition and the Italian Jews,” in Haliczer,
Inquisition and Society,
pp. 19–46; Pier Cesare Ioly Zorattini,
Processi del S. Uffizio di Venezia contro ebrei e giudaizzanti,
5 vols. (1980); Brian Pullan,
The Jews of Europe and the Inquisition of Venice,
1550–1670 (1983). For a history of the Inquisition and the Jews of Modena and of the Estensi states, see Albano Biondi, “Inquisizione ed ebrei a Modena nel Seicento,” in Euride Fregni and Mauro Perani, eds.,
Vita e cultura ebraica nello stato estense
(1993), pp. 259–73; and Biondi, “Gli ebrei e l’Inquisizione negli stati estensi,” in Luzzati,
L’Inquisizione,
pp. 265–85.

8
. Canosa,
Storia dell’Inquisizione,
vol. 5, p. 216.

9
. Antonio Battistella,
Il S. Officio e la riforma religiosa in Bologna
(1905). For the early history of the Inquisition in Bologna, see Massimo Giansante, “L’Inquisizione domenicana a Bologna fra XII e XIV secolo,”
Il Carrobbio
13 (1987): 219–29; and Guido Dall’Olio, “I rapporti tra la Congregazione del Sant’Ufficio e gli inquisitori locali nei carteggi bolognesi (1573–1594),”
Rivista storica italiana
105 (1993): 246–86.

10
. Davidson, “The Inquisition and the Italian Jews,” p. 35.

11
. Vittore Ravà,
Gli ebrei in Bologna
(1872), pp. 17–19. For a dramatic mid-seventeenth-century case of a Jew imprisoned in the Torrone prison of Bologna and tried by the Inquisitor, see Ermanno Loevinson, “Un marrane du XVII siècle à Bologne, Emmanuel Passarino Léon ou Juda Vega,”
Revue des Études juives,
n.s. vol. 3(1938):91–6.

12
. On the history of the Inquisition in Bologna in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, see Alessandra Fioni, “L’Inquisizione a Bologna. Sortilegi e superstizioni popolari nei secoli XVII–XVIII,”
Il Carrobbio
(1992): 141–50.

13
. “Editto della Santa Inquisizione contro gl’Israeliti degli Stati Pontifici,” in Achille Gennarelli,
Il governo pontificio e lo stato romano, documenti preceduti da una esposizione storica
(1860), part I, pp. 304–5.

14
. ASB-FV, p. 23.

15
. Ibid., pp. 7–12.

16
. From the Italian translation in Volli, “Il caso Mortara nell’opinione pubblica,” p. 1121n64. The
Times
story is reproduced as well in Isidore Cahen’s entry in “Chronique du mois,”
Archives Israélites,
February 1860, p. 91.

17
. Bottrigari,
Cronaca,
vol. 3, p. 3.

18
. Letter by Leone Ravenna, Ferrara, January 17, 1860,
Archives Israélites,
February 1860, pp. 77–8.

19
. Letter by Joseph Pavia, January 15, 1860,
Archives Israélites,
February 1860, pp. 79–80.

CHAPTER 19

1
. Carlo Colitta,
Il Palazzo comunale detto d’Accursio
(1980), pp. 48–9, 136–8.

2
. ASB-FV, pp. 22–41.

3
. Ibid., pp. 46–77.

CHAPTER 20

1
. Her birth certificate, provided by her parish priest from San Giovanni in Persiceto, gives Anna Morisi’s birthday as November 28, 1833, ASB-FV, p. 202.

2
. ASB-FV, pp. 105–22.

3
. Ibid., pp. 122–30.

4
. Ibid., pp. 143–52.

5
. Ibid., p. 192.

6
. Ibid., p. 329.

7
. Ibid., p. 342.

8
. Ibid., pp. 205–11.

9
. Ibid., pp. 228–35.

10
. Ibid., p. 241.

11
. Ibid., pp. 241–9.

12
. Ibid., pp. 331–3.

13
. Ibid., pp. 343–59.

CHAPTER 21

1
. These letters are found in ASV-Pio IX.

2
. These letters are found in AAB-AC, b. 152, protocollo n. 42. The underlining is in the originals.

3
. ASB-FV, pp. 360–95.

4
. Ibid., printed document found following p. 406.

5
. Ibid., pp. 395–6.

6
. Ibid., pp. 397–8.

7
. The handwritten manuscript of the poem, “Motto sopra alcuni uomini politici in un verso endecasillabo,” which carries no indication of either author or date, is found in AdAB, B. 3849, mss. n. 11. It was apparently written around 1846.

8
. Jussi,
Studi e ricordi,
pp. 117–34.

9
. ASB-FV, pp. 404–10.

10
. The text of the “Conclusioni fiscali” for the Feletti trial was prepared in printed form, and can be found in the Biblioteca di Storia Moderna e Contemporanea di Roma, as Misc. Risorg. c. 29. The sentence requested is reconstructed, in addition, from Jussi’s later account in his
Studi e ricordi,
p. 219.

11
. The parish priest was of course not, in fact, a Jesuit.

12
. ASB-CR. Several receipts for purchases from the Leporis’ grocery, going back to 1843, are preserved there.

13
. Here Jussi was a bit confused. It was not Momolo but Marianna’s uncle who accompanied Marianna’s brother-in-law that day.

14
. Francesco Jussi,
Difesa del Padre Pier Gaetano Feletti
(1860).

CHAPTER 22

1
. See Aubert,
Il pontificato,
p. 147.

2
. “Circolare dell’intendenza di Bologna alle rappresentanze comunali della provincia, Bologna, 29 dicembre 1859,”
Il monitore di Bologna,
January 3, 1860, p. 1.

3
. Piero Zama, “I plebesciti,” in
Il
1859–60
a Bologna
(1961), pp. 303–13.

4
. Marcelli, “Le vicende politiche,” p. 114.

5
. Bottrigari,
Cronaca,
vol. 3, p. 33.

6
. Bolla of March 25, 1860. Text in
Corriere dell’Emilia,
April 11, 1860.

7
. ASB-FV, pp. 399–400.

8
.
L’educatore israelitico
(April 1860), vol. 8, p. 155.

9
. Isidore Cahen, “Chronique du mois,”
Archives Israélites
(May 1860), pp. 276–7.

10
. Rodolfo Fantini, “Il clero bolognese nel decennio 1859–69,” in R. Fantini et al., eds.,
Clero e partiti a Bologna dopo l’unità
(Bologna, 1968), p. 23.

11
. “Lettera circolare del sindaco di Bologna pel suono delle campane all arrivo di S.M. Vittorio Emanuele II,” April 27, 1860. Copy found in AAB-AC, anno 1860, prot. n. 128. The joint response to the mayor from the parish priests is found in that same archival folder.

12
. “L’arrivo di S.M. il re,”
Il Corriere dell’Emilia,
May 2, 1860.

13
. In Fantini, “Un arcivescovo bolognese,” p. 239.

14
. Quoted in Tencajoli, “Cardinali corsi,” p. 154. The original Nascentori manuscript can be found in AdAB. Bottrigari’s chronicle contains a similarly bitter portrait of the Archbishop. See Enrico Bottrigari,
Cronaca di Bologna,
vol. 4 (1962), p. 62.

15
. Francesco Manzi Nascentori,
Cronaca Bolognese. Con annotazioni sui principali avvenimenti mondiali e sulle più celebrate scoperte del sec. XIX,
anno IV (1860), manoscritto depositato presso la Biblioteca dell’Archiginnasio di Bologna (MSS B. 2218); Fantini, “Un arcivescovo bolognese,” pp. 242–4; Mario Fanti, “Una missione del clero bolognese presso Cavour, 1860,”
Strenna storica bolognese
10 (1960):17–40.

16
. The three-page Latin eulogy, by Fr. Dominicus Toselli, dated July 9, 1881, is found in ASDB, I.16518, n. 1. Feletti’s letter to Pius IX is reproduced in Masetti Zannini, “Nuovi documenti,” pp. 278–9.

17
. Martina,
Pio IX,
p. 674. Monsignor Canzi’s encounters with the Bologna police and courts can be followed in Bottrigari,
Cronaca,
vol. 3, pp. 234 and passim.

18
. D’Amato,
I domenicani,
pp. 1003–6.

CHAPTER 23

1
. “L’affaire Mortara davanti al congresso,”
La gazzetta del popolo,
November 28, 1859.

2
. Isidore Cahen, “Chronique du mois,”
Archives Israélites,
January 1860, p. 46.

3
. Ibid.; and Isidore Cahen, “Chronique du mois,”
Archives Israélites,
February 1860, p. 90.

4
. The key role of the Mortara case in prompting the founding of the Alliance Israélite Universelle is well established. See, for example, Bernhard Blumenkranz,
Histoire des Juifs en France
(1972), pp. 335–6; and Michael Graetz,
Les Juifs en France au XIXe siècle
(1989), p. 13.

5
. Quoted in Volli, “Il caso Mortara nell’opinione pubblica,” p. 1136.

6
. These letters are excerpted in Gemma Volli, “Alcune conseguenze benefiche dell’affare Mortara,” pp. 312–13.

7
. Letter from Cavour to Gropello, April 29, 1861 (n. 3405), in Camillo Cavour,
La liberazione del Mezzogiorno e la formazione del regno d’Italia. Carteggi di Camillo Cavour,
vol. 4 (1954), pp. 456–7.

8
. Letter dated September 27, 1860, reproduced in Volli, “Alcune conseguenze,” pp. 314–15.

9
. Volli, “Il caso Mortara nell’opinione pubblica,” pp. 1136–7. First published in 1873, Garibaldi’s novel,
I mille
(1982), deals at length with two converted Jews, and reflects his strident anticlericalism and anti-Catholicism. His reference to the Mortara case comes when he discusses the conversion in a Rome church of his two protagonists: “The devotees of these nauseating ceremonies will have seen a specimen of them in the conversion of the Mortara boy, robbed from his Jewish parents by the priests, so that they could make him a Catholic” (p. 165).

10
.
Monitore di Bologna,
supplement to n. 11 (January 15, 1860), pp. 1–2. The opening is also described by Isidore Cahen, “Chronique du mois,”
Archives Israélites,
January 1860, pp. 47–8. So as not to offend Catholic religious sensibilities, apparently, the playwright arranged to have the child reunited with his mother without rejecting his new religion.