The Invisible Handcuffs of Capitalism: How Market Tyranny Stifles the Economy by Stunting Workers (49 page)

31.
Charles Barzillai Spahr,
America’s Working People
(London: Longmans and Green, 1900), 177.

32.
Amartya K. Sen, “Mortality as an Indicator of Economic Success and Failure,”
The Economic Journal
, Vol. 108, No. 446 (January 1998): 9.

33.
Amartya K. Sen,
Development as Freedom
(New York: Knopf, 1999), 75.

34.
David P. Levine and S. Abu Turab Rizvi,
Poverty, Work and Freedom: Political Economy and the Moral Order
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 47.

35.
See
http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/publications/gnh/gnh.htm
.

36.
Cathy Scott-Clark and Adrian Levy, “Fast Forward into Trouble,”
Guardian
, June 14, 2003,
http://www.guardian.co.uk/weekend/story/0,3605,975769,00.html
; Ross McDonald, “Television, Materialism and Culture: An Exploration of Imported Media and its Implications for GNH,”
Journal of Bhutan Studies
, Vol. 11, No. 4 (Winter 2004): 68–88.

37.
United Nations Development Programme,
United Nations Human Development Report, 2004: Cultural Liberty in Today’s Diverse World
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 139.

38.
World Bank, Development Committee Press Conference, April 30, 2001,
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMD K:20025769~pagePK:64257043~piPK:437376~theSitePK:4607,00.html
.

39.
Richard Layard,
Happiness: Has Social Science a Clue?,
Lionel Robbins
Memorial Lectures 2002/3, Lecture 1: “What Is happiness? Are We Getting Happier?,”
http://www.stoa.org.uk/topics/happiness/Happiness%20-%20Has%20Social%20Science%20A%20Clue.pdf
. See also Bruno S. Frey and Alois Stutzer,
Happiness and Economics: How the Economy and Institutions Affect Well-Being
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), 8; and Richard A. Easterlin, “Will Raising the Incomes of All Increase the Happiness of All?,”
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization
, Vol. 27, No. 1 (June 1995): 1–34.

40.
Robert H. Frank,
Choosing the Right Pond: Human Behavior and the Quest for Status
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 31.

41.
Henry Louis Mencken,
A Mencken Chrestomathy
(1949; New York: A. A. Knopf, 1956).

42.
Juliet Schor,
The Overspent American: Upscaling, Downshifting, and the New Consumer
(New York: Basic Books, 1998), 14; Alois Stutzer, “The Role of Income Aspirations in Individual Happiness,”
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization
, Vol. 54, No. 1 (May 2004): 89–109.

43.
Daniel Defoe,
Robinson Crusoe: An Authoritative Text, Contexts, Criticism
, ed. Michael Shinagel (1719; New York: Norton, 1994), 121.

44.
Daniel Kahneman and Alan B. Krueger, “Developments in the Measurement of Subjective Well-Being,”
The Journal of Economic Perspectives
, Vol. 20, No. 1 (Winter 2006): 3.

45.
Daniel Kahneman, Alan B. Krueger et al., “Toward National Well-Being Accounts,”
American Economic Review
, 94: 2 (May 2004): 429–34.

46.
Ibid., 432.

1.
David Noble,
Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1984).

2.
Andrew Pickering,
The Mangle of Practice
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 160.

3.
Babbage,
On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures
(1835; New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1971), 250.

4.
Alfred Marshall,
Principles of Economics: An Introductory Volume
(London: Macmillan & Co., 1920), 284.

5.
Stephen Hymer, “The Multinational Corporation and the Law of Uneven Development,” in Jagdish Bhagwati,
Economics and the World Order
(New York: Macmillan), 122, 124.

6.
Patrick Wright,
On a Clear Day You Can See General Motors: John Z. DeLorean’s Look Inside the Automotive Giant
(New York: Avon, 1979), 137.

7.
Ibid., 7.

8.
David Kiley, “The New Heat on Ford,”
Business Week,
June 4, 2007, 33–38.

9.
Steven Rattner, “The Auto Bailout: How We Did It,”
Fortune
, Vol. 160, No. 9, November 9, 2009.

10.
Peter Huber, “The Unbundling of America,”
Forbes
, April 13, 1992, 118.

11.
Lawrence H. Summers and Victoria P. Summers, “When Financial Markets Work too Well: A Cautious Case for a Securities Transactions Tax,”
Journal of Financial Services Research
, Vol. 3, Nos. 2 and 3 (December 1989): 271.

12.
Steven Mufson, “Breaking Own Record, Exxon Sets Highest U.S. Profit Ever; Second-Quarter Earnings Total $11.68 Billion,”
Washington Post,
August 1, 2008, D 1.

13.
Leonhardt, “3,400 Layoffs Send a Message to Millions,”
New York Times
, April 4, 2007, C 1.

14.
Darius Mehri,
Notes From Toyota-Land: An American Engineer in Japan
(Ithaca: Cornell University/ILR Press, 2005).

15.
James Surowiecki, “The Open Secret of Success: Toyota Turns the Concept of Innovation on Its Head, Shares It and Still Wins,”
The New Yorker
, May 12, 2008.

16.
Teri Evans, “Entrepreneurs Seek to Elicit Workers’ Ideas,”
Wall Street Journal
, December 22, 2009, B 8.

17.
Jim B. Bushnell and Catherine D. Wolfram, “The Guy at the Controls: Labor Quality and Power Plant Efficiency,” University of California Energy Institute, Center for the Study of Energy Markets, Paper CSEMWP-168, 2007,
http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1071&context=ucei/csem
.

18.
Michael L., Dertouzos et al.,
Made in America: Regaining the Productive Edge
(Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1989), 82.

19.
Shoshana Zuboff,
In the Age of the Smart Machines: The Future of Work and Power
(New York: Basic Books, 1988), 255–67.

20.
Jeffrey Pfeffer, “Human Resources from an Organizational Behavior Perspective: Some Paradoxes Explained,”
Journal of Economic Perspectives
, Vol. 21, No. 4 (Fall 2007): 123.

21.
Richard Sennett,
The Culture of the New Capitalism
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005), 67.

22.
Todd Bishop, “Microsoft Adds a Record 11,200 Employees,”
Seattle Post Intelligencer,
June 20, 2008,
http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/business/367743_msftemploy20.html
.

23.
Stephen H. Wildstrom, “Firefox Keeps Nipping at Microsoft,”
Business Week,
June 23, 2008, 78; “Mozilla Message Card,” Mozilla Foundation, 2009,
http://www.spreadfirefox.com/node/238
.

24.
Pfeffer, “Human Resources from an Organizational Behavior Perspective: Some Paradoxes Explained,” 115.

25.
Pfeffer,
Competitive Advantage through People: Unleashing the Power of the Work Force
(Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1994), 110.

26.
Ibid., 111.

27.
Tore Ellingsen and Magnus Johannesson, “Paying Respect,”
Journal of Economic Perspectives
, Vol. 21, No. 4 (Fall 2007): 144.

28.
Edward P. Lazear and Kathryn L. Shaw, “Personnel Economics: The Economist’s View of Human Resources,”
Journal of Economic Perspectives
, Vol. 21, No. 4 (Fall 2007): 110.

29.
Ibid.

30.
Lazear, “The Future of Personnel Economics,”
Economic Journal
, Vol. 110 (2000): 611.

31.
Leo Panitch, “Ralph Miliband: Socialist Intellectual, 1924–1994” in
Socialist Register 1995: Why Not Capitalism?
(New York: Monthly Review Press, 1995), 4.

32.
David Packard,
The HP Way
(New York: HarperCollins, 1995), 135.

33.
Stanley Mathewson,
Restriction of Output among Unorganized Workers
(1939; Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1969), 125.

34.
Harrison Emerson,
The Twelve Principles of Scientific Management
(New York: Engineering Company, 1912), 67; cited in Bryan Palmer, “Class, Conception and Conflict: The Thrust for Efficiency, Managerial Views of Labor and the Working Class Rebellion, 1903–22,”
Review of Radical Political Economy
, Vol. 7, No. 2 (Summer 1975): 37.

35.
Seymour Hersh, “The Next Act,”
The New Yorker
, November 27, 2006.

36.
Pam Galpern, “Working to Rule Builds Pressure from Within,”
Labor Notes,
December 2005.

37.
Ibid.

38.
Harley Shaiken,
Work Transformed: Automation and Labor in the Computer Age
(New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1985), 19–20.

39.
Joan Greenbaum,
Windows on the Workplace: Computers, Jobs, and the Organization of Office Work in the Late Twentieth Century
(New York: Monthly Review Press, 1995), 4; citing, Juliet Webster,
Office Automation: The Labour Process and Women’s Work in Britain
(London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1990), 118.

40.
Sennett,
The Culture of the New Capitalism
, 34.

41.
Frank Bruni, “Bush Promotes Education, and in a Calculated Forum,”
New York Times
, August 2, 2001, A 14.

42.
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2009, Table 2: “Families by presence and relationship of employed members and family type, 2005–06 annual averages,”
http://www.bls.gov/news.release/famee.t02.htm
.

43.
Harold Hotelling, “Stability in Competition,”
Economic Journal
, Vol. 39, No. 153 (March 1929): 41–57.

44.
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2009.

45.
James O’Connor, “Productive and Unproductive Labor,”
Politics and Society
, Vol. 5, No. 3 (1975): 303.

46.
Samuel Bowles and Arjun Jayadev, “Garrison America,”
The Economists’ Voice
, Vol. 4, Issue 2, Article 3 (2007): 1.

47.
Wolfgang Saxon, “John S. Morrison, Scholar, 87, Rebuilt a Lost Greek Warship,”
New York Times,
November 12, 2000.

48.
Samuel Bowles and Arjun Jayadev, “Guard Labor,”
Journal of Development Economics
, Vol. 79, No. 2 (April 2006): 337, Table 1.

49.
Ibid., 338, Table 2.

50.
Ibid., 341, Figure 1.

51.
Frederic Natusch Maude,
War and the World’s Life
(London: Smith, Elder, and Co., 1907), 13, 92.

52.
Mehri,
Notes From Toyota-Land
, 31–32.

53.
Samuel Gompers,
Seventy Years of Life and Labour: An Autobiography
, 2 vols. (1925; New York: Kelley, 1967), 45.

54.
Samuel Gompers, “Testimony” (1883) in ed. John A. Garraty,
Labor and Capital in the Gilded Age: Testimony Taken by the Senate Committee upon the Relations between Labor and Capital
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1968), 16.

55.
Lynn Bauer and Steven Owens,
Justice Expenditure and Employment Statistics
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2006), 1.

56.
U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2006,
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs
.

57.
Marc Mauer,
Comparative International Rates of Incarceration: An Examination of Causes and Trends Presented to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
(Washington, D.C.: The Sentencing Project, 2003).

58.
Peter Pae, “Aerospace Legend Looks Back at the Time He Wasted—in Meetings,”
Los Angeles Times
, November 6, 2005.

59.
Alexandra Luong and Steven G. Rogelberg, “Meetings and More Meetings: The Relationship between Meeting Load and the Daily Well-Being of Employees,”
Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice
, Vol. 9, No. 1 (2005): 58.