The Invention of News: How the World Came to Know About Itself (80 page)

25.
I. Atherton, ‘The Itch Grown a Disease: Manuscript Transmission of News in the Seventeenth Century’,
Prose Studies
, 21 (1998), pp. 39–65. Also available in Joad Raymond (ed.),
News, Newspapers, and Society in Early Modern Britain
(London: Frank Cass, 1999).

26.
Data collected in Roger Chartier, ‘The Practical Impact of Writing’, in
A History of Private Life. III. Passions of the Renaissance
, ed. R. Chartier (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989), pp. 112–15.

27.
Judith Rice Henderson, ‘Erasmian Ciceronians: Reformation Teachers of Letter-Writing’,
Rhetorica
, 10 (1992), pp. 273–302; eadem, ‘Humanism and the Humanities’, in
Letter-Writing Manuals
, pp. 141–9;
De conscribendis epistolis
, ed. Charles Fantazzi,
Collected Works of Erasmus
, vol. 25 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985).

28.
Linda C. Mitchell, ‘Letter-Writing Instruction Manuals in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century England’, in Carol Poster and Linda C. Mitchell,
Letter-Writing Manuals
(Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2007), pp. 179–80.

29.
Roger Chartier, ‘Secrétaires for the People’, in Roger Chartier, Alain Boureau and Céline Dauphin,
Correspondence: Models of Letter-Writing from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century
(London: Polity Press, 1997), pp. 59–111.

30.
Alfred Morin,
Catalogue descriptive de la bibliothèque bleue de Troyes
(Geneva: Droz, 1974).

31.
Clare Brant,
Eighteenth-Century Letters and British Culture
(Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008).

32.
The Letters of Benjamin Franklin and Jane Mecom
, ed. Carl van Doren (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1950), p. 81; David M. Henkin,
The Postal Age: The Emergence of Modern Communications in Nineteenth-Century America
(Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2006), p. 180, n. 10.

33.
Roger Chartier, ‘An Ordinary Kind of Writing’, in
Correspondence
, p. 17.

34.
Dierks,
In My Power
, pp. 25–32.

35.
Ibid.; Brant,
Eighteenth-Century Letters
, Chapter 4: ‘Writing as a Lover’.

36.
Brant,
Eighteenth-Century Letters
, p. 172.

37.
Wiles,
Freshest Advices
, p. 194.

38.
Ibid., pp. 194–5.

39.
This section draws heavily upon Paul Friedland,
Seeing Justice Done: The Age of Spectacular Capital Punishment in France
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).

40.
Ibid., p. 156.

41.
Ibid., pp. 168–72, 231.

42.
V. A. C. Gatrell,
The Hanging Tree: Execution and the English People, 1770–1868
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994).

43.
Above, Chapter 6.

44.
Michel Foucault,
Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison
(London: Allen Lane, 1977).

45.
Friedland,
Seeing Justice Done
, pp. 247–8.

Chapter 16 Cry Freedom

1.
G. A. Cranfield,
The Development of the Provincial Newspaper, 1700–1760
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962); Charles C. Clark,
The Public Prints:
The Newspaper in Anglo-American Culture, 1665–1740
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1994). For the French affiches (advertising journals) see Gilles Feyel,
L'annonce et la nouvelle. La presse d'information en France sous l'ancien régime (1630–1788)
(Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2000), pp. 929–1,274.

2.
Arthur H. Cash,
John Wilkes
:
The Scandalous Father of Civil Liberties
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006); Peter D. G. Thomas,
John Wilkes: A Friend to Liberty
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).

3.
The Briton
, published in thirty-eight issues between 29 May 1762 and 12 February 1763, was edited for Bute by the distinguished Scottish novelist Tobias Smollett.
http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25947
.

4.
Quoted Cash,
Wilkes
, p. 79.

5.
Ibid., p. 85.

6.
The North Briton
, 45, 23 April 1763. Quoted Bob Clarke,
From Grub Street to Fleet Street: An Illustrated History of English Newspapers to 1899
(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004), p. 88.

7.
Cash,
Wilkes
, p. 119.

8.
Public Advertiser
, 17 December 1769. Quoted Clarke,
Grub Street
, p. 90.

9.
Clarke,
Grub Street
, p. 92.

10.
Only in 1972 would Parliament formally abandon the prohibition of the reporting of its debates.

11.
Robert R. Rea,
The English Press in Politics, 1760–1774
(Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), p. 5; Stephen J. A. Ward,
The Invention of Journalism Ethics
(Montreal: McGill University Press, 2004), p. 155.

12.
The political beacon: or the life of Oliver Cromwell, impartially illustrated
(London, 1770), p. 3, quoted Clare Brant,
Eighteenth-Century Letters and British Culture
(Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), p. 176.

13.
Clarke,
Grub Street
, p. 95.

14.
This story is beautifully told by Ian Kelly,
Mr Foote's Other Leg: Comedy, Tragedy and Murder in Georgian London
(Basingstoke: Picador, 2012).

15.
Hannah Barker,
Newspapers, Politics and Public Opinion in Late Eighteenth-Century England
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).

16.
A thoughtful survey is Clark,
Public Prints
.

17.
Ibid., p. 216.

18.
John B. Blake, ‘The Inoculation Controversy in Boston: 1721–1722’,
New England Quarterly
, 25 (1952), pp. 489–506.

19.
Pennsylvania Gazette
, no. 1,324, 9 May 1754. Consulted in the library of the Library Company of Philadelphia.

20.
The
New York Gazette
, the
New York Mercury
, the
Boston Gazette
and the
Boston Newsletter
.

21.
Above, Chapter 11.

22.
Arthur M. Schlesinger,
Prelude to Independence: The Newspaper War on Britain, 1764–1776
(New York: Knopf, 1958).

23.
Clarence S. Brigham,
History and Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1690–1820
, 2 vols (London: Archon Books, 1962).

24.
Stephen Botein, ‘Printers and the American Revolution’, in Bernard Bailyn and John B. Hench (eds),
The Press and the American Revolution
(Worcester, MA: American Antiquarian Society, 1980), p. 20.

25.
Botein, ‘Printers’, p. 26.

26.
Richard D. Brown, ‘Shifting Freedoms of the Press’, in High Amory and David D. Hall,
A History of the Book in America. Volume 1: The Colonial Book in the Atlantic World
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 366–76.

27.
Philip Davidson,
Propaganda and the American Revolution, 1763–1783
(Chapel Hill, NC: 1941).

28.
G. Thomas Tanselle, ‘Some Statistics on American Printing, 1764–1783’, in Amory and Hall,
Book in America
, pp. 349–57.

29.
Consulted in the Special Collections of the College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia.

30.
Virginia Gazette
, 9 June 1775.

31.
A point made by Richard D. Brown,
Knowledge is Power: The Diffusion of Information in Early America, 1700–1865
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 128.

32.
Clarke, ‘Early American Journalism’, in Amory and Hall,
Book in America
, p. 361.

33.
Brown, ‘Shifting Freedoms’, p. 375.

34.
The authoritative account is now Hans-Jürgen Lüsebrink and Rolf Reichardt,
The Bastille: A History of a Symbol of Despotism and Freedom
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997).

35.
Ibid.; for the broadsheets, Rolf Reichardt, ‘Prints: Images of the Bastille’, in Robert Darnton and Daniel Roche (eds),
Revolution in Print: The Press in France, 1775–1800
(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1989), pp. 235–51.

36.
Courier de Versailles à Paris
, 15 July 1789. Cited Jeremy D. Popkin,
Revolutionary News: The Press in France, 1789–1799
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1990), pp. 127–8.

37.
For song see Laura Mason,
Singing the French Revolution: Popular Culture and Politics, 1787–1799
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996); idem, ‘Songs: Mixing Media’, in Darnton and Roche,
Revolution in Print
, pp. 252–69.

38.
Popkin,
Revolutionary News
, pp. 25–6; Antoine de Baecque, ‘Pamphlets: Libels and Political Mythology’, in Darnton and Roche,
Revolution in Print
, pp. 165–76.

39.
Carla Hesse, ‘Economic Upheavals in Publishing’, in Darnton and Roche,
Revolution in Print
, pp. 69–97.

40.
Robert Darnton,
The Forbidden Bestsellers of Pre-Revolutionary France
(New York: Norton, 1995).

41.
Around 5,000 editions, compared to at least 10,000 in the five-year period at the beginning of the revolutionary events. Christian Jouhaud,
Mazarinades: la Fronde des mots
(Paris: Aubier, 1985).

42.
Pierre Rétat,
Les Journaux de 1789. Bibliographie critique
(Paris: CNRS, 1988); Hesse, ‘Economic Upheavals’, p. 92; Popkin,
Revolutionary News
, p. 84.

43.
Despite his association with the pre-revolutionary print world, in 1793–4 Panckoucke still ran twenty-seven presses and employed one hundred workmen. Robert Darnton, ‘L'imprimerie de Panckoucke en l'an II’,
Revue française d'histoire du livre
, 23 (1979), pp. 359–69.

44.
Jack R. Censer, ‘Robespierre the Journalist’, in Harvey Chisick (ed.),
The Press in the French Revolution
(Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1991), pp. 189–96.

45.
Popkin,
Revolutionary News
, p. 57.

46.
Ibid.

47.
Ibid., p. 55.

48.
Jeremy D. Popkin, ‘Journals: The New Face of the News’, in Darnton and Roche,
Revolution in Print
, pp. 145–7.

49.
Popkin,
Revolutionary News
, p. 8.

50.
W. J. Murray, ‘Journalism as a Career Choice in 1789’, in Chisick (ed.),
Press in the French Revolution
, pp. 161–88, here p. 180.

51.
See here now especially Charles Walton,
Policing Public Opinion in the French Revolution: The Culture of Calumny and the Problem of Free Speech
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).

52.
Hugh Gough,
The Newspaper Press in the French Revolution
(London: Routledge, 1988), p. 98.

53.
Quoted Ruth Scurr,
Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution
(London: Chatto & Windus, 2006), p. 255.

54.
Hesse, ‘Economic Upheavals’, p. 93.

55.
The collection of the Bibliothèque nationale de France alone numbers some 10,000 editions published in the years 1789–93, equivalent to a minimum of 10 million copies.

56.
Gilles Feyel, ‘La presse provincial au XVIIIe siècle’,
Revue historique
, 272 (1984), pp. 353–74. For Lyon see Gough,
Newspaper Press
, p. 65.