The Invention of Nature (67 page)

31 ‘old owl’ and ‘a croaker’: Marsh to Hiram Powers, 31 March 1863, ibid.

32 Caroline Marsh’s ill health: Lowenthal 2003, pp.47, 92, 378.

33 illness ‘incurable’: Marsh to Spencer Fullerton Baird, 6 July 1859, UVM.

34 Marsh carried Caroline: Marsh to Caroline Estcourt, 19 April 1851, Marsh 1888, vol.1, pp.219.

35 Nile expedition: Marsh to Lyndon Marsh, 10 February 1851; Marsh to Frederick Wislizenus, 10 February 1851; Marsh to H.A. Holmes, 25 February 1851; Marsh to Caroline Estcourt, 28 March 1851, Marsh 1888, vol.1, pp.205, 208, 211ff.

36 ‘fresh from the Desert’: Marsh to Caroline Estcourt, 28 March 1851, ibid. p.213.

37 ‘very earth’: Marsh to Caroline Estcourt, 28 March 1851, ibid., p.215.

38 ‘I should like to know’: Ibid.

39 ‘subdued by long’: Marsh to Frederick Wislizenus and Lucy Crane Frederick Wislizenus, 10 February 1851, ibid., p.206.

40 ‘restless activity’: AH Aspects 1849, vol.2, p.11; AH Views 2014, p.158; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.2, p.13.

41 ‘political and moral’: AH Plant Geography 2009, p.73.

42 ‘wherever he stepped’: AH, 10 March 1801, AH Diary 2003, vol.1, p.44; for AH on deforestation in Cuba and Mexico, see AH Cuba 2011, p.115; AH New Spain 1811, vol.3, pp.251–2.

43 ‘How I envy your’: Marsh to Spencer Fullerton Baird, 3 May 1851, Marsh 1888, vol.1, p.223.

44 ‘a student of nature’: Marsh to American Consul-General in Cairo, 2 June 1851, ibid., p.226.

45 ‘Scorpions are not yet’: Marsh to Spencer Fullerton Baird, 23 August 1850, ibid., p.172.

46 ‘and all else’: Spencer Fullerton Baird to Marsh, 9 February 1851; see also 9 August 1849 and 10 March 1851, UVM.

47 ‘Trust nothing to the’: Marsh 1856, p.160; Lowenthal 2003, pp.130–31.

48 ‘most part barren’: Marsh to Caroline and James B. Estcourt, 18 June 1851; for travels in 1851, see Marsh to Susan Perkins Marsh, 16 June 1851, Marsh 1888, vol.1, pp. 227–32, 238; Lowenthal 2003, pp.127–9.

49 ‘assiduous husbandry’: Marsh to Caroline Estcourt, 28 March 1851, Marsh 1888, vol.1, p.215; see also Marsh, ‘The Study of Nature’, Christian Examiner, 1860, Marsh 2001, p.86.

50 ‘nature in the shorn’: Marsh 1857, p.11.

51 ‘Man is everywhere’: Marsh 1864, p.36.

52 all the forests’: Ibid., p.234.

53 US agriculture and manufacture: Johnson 1999, pp.361, 531.

54 Marsh began Man and Nature: Marsh to Spencer Fullerton Baird, 10, 16 and 21 May 1860, Marsh 1888, vol.1, pp.420–22.

55 raising Chicago: Chicago Daily Tribune, 26 January 1858, 7 February 1866.

56 empty rivers and lakes: Marsh 1857, pp.12–15; Marsh 1864, pp.107–8.

57 statistics on fish and timber: Marsh 1864, pp.106, 251–7.

58 cash crops: Ibid., p.278.

59 size of fields for meat diet: Ibid., pp.277–8.

60 ‘small duties & large’: Marsh to Francis Lieber, 12 April 1860; for Marsh’s finances, Marsh 1888, vol.1, p.362; Lowenthal 2003, pp.155ff., 199.

61 ‘I wish I was 30 years’: Marsh to Francis Lieber, 3 June 1859, UVM.

62 ‘I could not survive’: Marsh to Charles D. Drake, 1 April 1861, Marsh 1888, vol.1, p.429.

63 preparations for Italy: Lowenthal 2003, p.219.

64 Marsh’s speech at Burlington: Benedict 1888, vol.1, pp.20–21.

65 Marsh departure from US: Lowenthal 2003, p.219; they arrived in Turin on 7 June 1861, see Caroline Marsh, 7 June 1861, Caroline Marsh Journal, NYPL, p.1.

66 Marsh, Garibaldi, Union forces: Lowenthal 2003, p.238ff.

67 Marsh and Riscasoli: Caroline Marsh, winter 1861, Caroline Marsh Journal, NYPL, p.71.

68 ‘I have been entirely disappointed’: Marsh to Henry and Maria Buell Hickok, 14 January 1862; Marsh to William H. Seward, 12 May 1864, Lowenthal 2003, p.252; see also Caroline Marsh, 17 September 1861, 5 January 1862, 26 December 1862, 17 January 1863, Caroline Marsh Journal, NYPL, pp.43, 94, 99, 107.

69 excursions: Caroline Marsh, 15 February, 25 March 1862, Caroline Marsh Journal, NYPL, pp.128, 148.

70 ‘ice-mad’: Marsh to Spencer Fullerton Baird, 21 November 1864, UVM.

71 ‘I am not a bad climber’: Ibid.

72 ‘We stole an hour’: Caroline Marsh, 10 March 1862; see also 11 March, 24 March and 1 April 1862, Caroline Marsh Journal, NYPL, pp.143–4, 148, 151.

73 ‘a crime’ against nature: Caroline Marsh, 7 April 1862, ibid., p.157.

74 writing Man and Nature: Caroline Marsh, 14 April 1862 and 2 April 1863, ibid., pp.154, 217; Lowenthal 2003, pp.270–73; see also Marsh to Charles Eliot Norton, 17 October 1863, UVM.

75 ‘rather knocked out’: Caroline Marsh, 1 April 1862, Caroline Marsh Journal, NYPL, p.151.

76 commit a ‘libricide’: Caroline about Marsh, Lowenthal 2003, p.272.

77 ‘I do this’: Marsh to Charles Eliot Norton, 17 October 1863, UVM.

78 ‘Man the Disturber’: Charles Scribner to Marsh, 7 July 1863; Marsh to Charles Scribner 10 September 1863, Marsh 1864, p.xxviii.

79 ‘I shall steal’: Marsh to Spencer Fullerton Baird, 21 May 1860, Marsh 1888, vol.1, p.422.

80 Marsh references to AH: Marsh 1864, pp.13–14, 68, 75, 91,128, 145, 175ff.

81 man’s interference with nature: For hats and beavers, see Marsh 1864, pp.76–7; birds and insects, pp.34, 39, 79ff.; wolves, p.76; Boston aqueduct, p.92.

82 ‘All nature is linked’: Ibid., p.96.

83 for ‘consumption’: Ibid., p.36.

84 extinction of animals and plants: Ibid., pp.64ff., 77ff., 96ff.

85 ‘arid desert’ (footnote): AH, 4 March 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.217; AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.154.

86 irrigation: Marsh 1864, pp.322, 324.

87 ‘shattered surface’: Marsh 1864, Ibid., p.43.

88 Marsh on European landscape: Marsh to Spencer Fullerton Baird, 23 August 1850, July 1852, Marsh 1888, vol.1, p.174, 280; Marsh 1864, p.9, 19.

89 ‘a desolation almost’: Marsh 1864, p.42.

90 Roman Empire: Marsh, ‘Oration before the New Hampshire State Agricultural Society’, 10 October 1856, Marsh 2001, pp.36–7; Lowenthal 2003, p.x; Marsh 1864, p.xxiv.

91 ‘Let us be wise’: Marsh 1864, p.198.

92 ‘We can never know’: Ibid., pp.91–2; see also p110.

93 ‘homo sapiens Europae’: Ibid., p.46.

94 Madison and AH: AH sent his books to Madison; see David Warden to James Madison, 2 December 1811, Madison Papers PS, vol.4, p.48; Madison to AH, 30 November 1830, Terra 1959, p.799.

95 Madison’s speech: Madison, Address to the Agricultural Society of Albemarle, 12 May 1818, Madison Papers RS, vol.1, pp.260–83; Wulf 2011, p.204ff.

96 Bolívar’s decree: Bolívar, Decree, 19 December 1825, Bolívar 2009, p.258.

97 ‘Measures for the Protection’: Bolívar, Measures for the Protection and Wise Use of the National Forests, 31 July 1829, Bolívar 2003, pp.199–200.

98 AH and quinine harvest: AH Aspects 1849, vol.2, p.268; AH Views 2014, p.268; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.2, p.319; AH, 23–28 July 1802, AH Diary 2003, vol.2, pp.126–30.

99 Bolívar and tree removal (footnote): Bolívar, Decree, 31 July 1829, Bolívar 2009, p.351; O’Leary 1879–8, vol.2, p.363.

100 ‘In Wildness is the’: Thoreau, ‘Walking’, 1862 (first delivered as lecture in April 1851), Thoreau Excursion and Poems 1906, p.224.

101 ‘inalienable forever’: Thoreau, 15 October 1859, Thoreau Journal 1906, vol.12, p.387.

102 ‘national preserves’: Thoreau Maine Woods 1906, p.173.

103 ‘Humboldt was the great’: Marsh, ‘The Study of Nature’, Christian Examiner, 1860, Marsh 2001, p.82.

104 references to AH in Man and Nature: Marsh 1864, pp.13–14, 68, 75, 91, 128, 145, 175ff.

105 evils of deforestation: Ibid., pp.128, 131, 137, 145, 154, 171, 180, 186–8.

106 ‘thus the earth is’: Ibid., p.187.

107 ‘We are … breaking up’: Ibid., p.52; for damage like earthquake, p.226.

108 ‘Prompt measures’: Ibid., pp.201–2.

109 ‘inalienable property’: Ibid., p.203; for replanting forests, pp.259ff., 269–80, 325.

110 ‘We have now felled’: Ibid., p.280.

111 ‘Earth is fast’: Ibid., p.43.

112 ‘rudest kick’: Wallace Stegner, in ibid., p.xvi.

113 Marsh’s donation of copyright (footnote): Lowenthal 2003, p.302.

114 ‘epoch-making’: Gifford Pinchot, ibid., p.304; Gifford Pinchot to Mary Pinchot, 21 March 1886, Miller 2001, p.392; for John Muir, see Wolfe 1946, p.83.

115 1873 Timber Culture Act: Lowenthal 2003, p.xi.

116 ‘along the slope’: Hugh Cleghorn to Marsh, 6 Marsh 1868; for influence of Man and Nature worldwide, see Lowenthal 2003, pp.303–5.

117 ‘the fountainhead of’: Mumford 1931, p.78.

118 ‘The future … is more uncertain’: Marsh 1861, p.637.

Chapter 22: Art, Ecology and Nature

1 ‘Two souls, alas’: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 29 May 1859, p.63; see also Haeckel to parents, 29 May 1859, Haeckel 1921b, p.66; Carl Gottlob Haeckel to Ernst Haeckel, 19 May 1859 (Akademieprojekt ‘Ernst Haeckel (1834–1918): Briefedition’: I have Thomas Bach to thank for providing me with a summary of the transcript).

2 ‘beckoning temptations’: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 29 May 1859, Haeckel 1921b, p.64.

3 ‘Mephistopheles’ scornful laughter’: Ibid.

4 ‘understand nature’: Ibid.

5 AH, art and nature: Cosmos 1845–52, vol.2, pp.74, 85, 87; AH Kosmos 1845–50, vol.2, pp.76, 87, 90; Haeckel to parents, 6 November 1852, Haeckel 1921a, p.9.

6 Haeckel’s later reputation (footnote): Richards 2008, pp.244–76, 489–512.

7 AH in Haeckel’s youth: Haeckel to Wilhelm Bölsche, 4 August 1892, 4 November 1899, 14 May 1900, Haeckel Bölsche Letters 2002, pp.46, 110, 123–4; Haeckel 1924, p.ix; Richards 2009, p.20ff.; Di Gregorio 2004, pp.31–5; Krauße 1995, pp.352–3; Humboldt’s books are still on the bookshelves in Haeckel’s study in Ernst-Haeckel-Haus in Jena.

8 Haeckel read Cosmos: Haeckel to his parents, 6 November 1852, Haeckel 1921a, p.9.

9 Haeckel’s appearance: Max Fürbringer in 1866, Richards 2009, p.83; and exercising, see Haeckel to his parents, 11 June 1856, Haeckel 1921a, p.194.

10 ‘I cannot tell you’: Haeckel to his parents, 27 November 1852; see also 23 May and 8 July 1853, 5 May 1855, Haeckel 1921a, pp.19, 54, 63–4, 132.

11 ivy for AH’s portrait: Haeckel to his parents, 23 May 1853, ibid., p.54.

12 ‘most ardent desire’: Haeckel to his parents, 4 May 1853, ibid., p.49.

13 Haeckel and Müller: Haeckel 1924, p.xi; Richards 2009, p.39; Di Gregorio 2004, p.44.

14 Haeckel, Heligoland and medusae: Richards 2009, p.40; Haeckel 1924, p.xii.

15 ‘obsessed’: Haeckel to his parents, 1 June 1853, Haeckel 1921a, p.59.

16 ‘preciously sumptuous editions’: Haeckel to his parents, 17 February 1854, ibid., pp.100.

17 atlas to Cosmos: this was Heinrich Berghaus’s Physikalischer Atlas; Haeckel to his parents, 25 December 1852, ibid., p.26.

18 memorize through images: Haeckel to his parents, 25 December 1852, ibid., p.27.

19 excursion to Tegel: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 2 September 1858, Haeckel 1927, pp.62–3.

20 ‘man of reason’: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 23 May 1858, ibid., p.12.

21 ‘day and night’: Haeckel to his parents, 17 February 1854, Haeckel 1921a, pp.101.

22 ‘Robinsonian project’: Ibid., p.102.

23 ‘far, far into the’: Haeckel to his parents, 11 June 1856, ibid., p.194.

24 Haeckel’s practice in Berlin: ‘Bericht über die Feier des sechzigsten Geburtstages von Ernst Haeckel am 17. Februar 1894 in Jena’, 1894, p.15; Haeckel 1924, p.xv.

25 ‘truly German forest’: Haeckel to a friend, 14 September 1858; see also Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 26 September 1858, Haeckel 1927, pp.67, 72–3 and Haeckel 1924, p.xv.

26 ‘completely unspoiled and pure’: Haeckel to a friend, 14 September 1858, Haeckel 1927, p.67.

27 engagement announcement: 14 September 1858, Richards 2009, p.51.

28 ‘insurmountable revulsion’: Haeckel to his parents, 1 November 1852, Haeckel 1921a, p.6.

29 Haeckel about Naples: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 9 April, 24 April, 6 June 1859, Haeckel 1921b, pp.30–31, 37ff., 67.

30 two souls in his chest: Ernst Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 29 May 1859, ibid., p.63ff.

31 Haeckel and Allmers on Ischia: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 25 June and 1 August 1859, ibid., pp.69, 79–80.

32 ‘interconnected whole’: Haeckel to friends, August 1859, Uschmann 1983, p.46.

33 ‘microscoping worm’: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 7 August 1859, Haeckel 1921b, p.86.

34 ‘Outside! Outside!’: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 16 August 1859, ibid., p.86.

35 ‘ossified scholar’: Ibid.

36 ‘half wild life’: Ibid.

37 ‘delightful glory’: Ibid.

38 ‘faithful paintbrush’: Ibid.

39 ‘Humboldt’s favourite interests’: Haeckel to his parents, 21 October 1859, ibid., pp.117–18.

40 ‘can’t have you travelling’: Carl Gottlob Haeckel to Ernst Haeckel, late 1859, di Gregori 2004, p.58; see also Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 26 November 1859, Haeckel 1921b, p.134.

41 ‘tame’ professor: Haeckel to his parents, 21 October 1859, Haeckel 1921b, p.118.

42 ‘delicate works of art’: Haeckel to his parents, 29 October 1859, ibid., pp.122–3.

43 ‘most exquisite brilliance’: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 29 February 1860, ibid., p.160.

44 daily life Messina: Haeckel to his parents, 29 October 1859; Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 16 December 1859, ibid., pp.124, 138.

45 thanks sea gods: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 16 February 1860, ibid., p.155

46 ‘made for me’: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 29 February 1860, ibid., p.160.

47 ‘poetic and delightful’: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 29 February 1860, ibid.

48 one hundred new species: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 10 and 24 March 1860, ibid., pp.165–6.

49 microscope and drawing simultaneously: Haeckel to his parents, 21 December 1852, Haeckel 1921a, p.26.

50 ‘penetrated deeper into’: Haeckel 1899–1904, preface.

51 ‘create a new “style”!!’: Haeckel to Allmers, 14 May 1860, Koop 1941, p.45.

52 ‘crochet pattern’ (footnote): Allmers to Haeckel, 7 January 1862, ibid., p.79.

53 associate professor: Haeckel was made Professor extraordinarius in 1862 – comparable to an associate professor – and then Professor ordinarius in 1865, a full professorship; Richards 2009, pp.91, 115–16.

54 ‘life-giving sunlight’: Haeckel to Anna Sethe, 15 June 1860, Haeckel 1927, p.100.