The Invention of Nature (57 page)

17 Jefferson touring Europe: Wulf 2011, pp.35–57, 70.

18 Lewis and Clark expedition: Jefferson’s Instructions to Lewis, 1803, Jackson 1978, vol.1, pp.61–6.

19 ‘this new world with’: Jefferson to AH, 28 May 1804, Terra 1959, p.788; see also Vincent Gray to James Madison, 8 May 1804, Madison Papers SS, vol.7, pp.191–2.

20 journey to Washington: Charles Willson Peale Diary, 29 May–21 June 1804, entry 29 May 1804, Peale 1983–2000, vol.2, pt.2, p.680ff.

21 US economy: North 1974, p.70ff.

22 nation of farmers versus merchants: Wulf 2011, p.83ff.

23 political meaning of design of Washington: Ibid., p.129ff.

24 size of Washington: Friis 1959, p.171.

25 carriages overturned: John Quincy Adams, in Young 1966, p.44.

26 White House: The White House was still called the President’s House. The first recorded use of the name ‘White House’ was only in 1811. Wulf 2011, p.125.

27 Jefferson’s laundry: William Muir Whitehill in 1803, Froncek 1977, p.85.

28 ‘state of uncleanly desolation’: Thomas Moore in 1804, Norton 1976, p.211.

29 demystifying office of President: Wulf 2011, p.145ff.

30 coat ‘thread bare’: William Plumer, 10 November 1804 and 29 July 1805, Plumer 1923, pp.193, 333.

31 ‘a large-boned farmer’: Sir Augustus John Foster in 1805–7, Foster 1954, p.10.

32 ‘No occupation is so’: Jefferson to Charles Willson Peale, 20 August 1811, TJ Papers RS, vol.4, p.93.

33 ‘never did a prisoner’: Jefferson to Pierre-Samuel Dupont de Nemours, 2 March 1809, Jefferson 1944, p. 394.

34 ‘the lowliest weed’: Margaret Bayard Smith about Jefferson, Hunt 1906, p.393.

35 seeds to White House: Wulf 2011, p.149.

36 Jefferson and mastodon: Thomson 2012, p.51ff.

37 Jefferson obsessed with many subjects: For details see Jefferson 1997 and Jefferson 1944; Jefferson to Ellen Wayles Randolph, 8 December 1807, Jefferson 1986, p.316; Edmund Bacon about Jefferson, Bear 1967, p.33.

38 president APS: Jefferson to American Philosophical Society, 28 January 1797, TJ Papers, vol. 29, p.279.

39 ‘the enlightened philosopher’: Alexander Wilson to William Bartram, 4 March 1805, Wilson 1983, p.232.

40 AH met Jefferson: Charles Willson Peale Diary, 29 May–21 June 1804, entry, 2 June 1804, Peale 1983–2000, vol.2, pt.2, p.690.

41 Jefferson’s private study: Margaret Bayard Smith about Jefferson, Hunt 1906, pp.385, 396; for inventions, see Isaac Jefferson about Jefferson, Bear 1967, p.18; Thomson 2012, p.166ff.

42 ‘you have found me playing’: Margaret Bayard Smith about Jefferson, Hunt 1906, p.396.

43 ‘living with the simplicity’: AH to Jefferson, 27 June 1804, Terra 1959, p.789.

44 AH in Washington: Charles Willson Peale Diary, 29 May–21 June 1804, Peale 1983–2000, vol.2, pt.2, pp.690–700.

45 ‘object of universal’: Caspar Wistar jr to James Madison, 29 May 1804, Madison Papers SS, vol.7, p.265.

46 ‘exquisite intellectual treat’: Albert Gallatin to Hannah Gallatin, 6 June 1804, Friis 1959, p.176.

47 ‘all the ladies say’: Dolley Madison to Anna Payne Cutts, 5 June 1804, ibid., p.175.

48 AH briefed politicians: Albert Gallatin to Hannah Gallatin, 6 June 1804, ibid., p.176.

49 AH’s maps: Charles Willson Peale, Diary, 29 May–21 June 1804, entry 30 May 1804, Peale 1983–2000, vol.2, pt.2, p.684; Louis Agassiz later said that AH’s measurements showed that previous maps had been so imperfect that Mexico’s position differed by about 300 miles, Agassiz 1869, pp.14–15.

50 knowledge was ‘astonishing’: Albert Gallatin to Hannah Gallatin, 6 June 1804, Friis 1959, p.176.

51 Jefferson collecting material on Mexico: Ibid., p.177; Jefferson’s table with information ‘Louisiana and Texas Description, 1804’, DLC; see also Terra 1959, p.786.

52 ‘twice as fast as’: Albert Gallatin to Hannah Gallatin, 6 June 1804, Friis 1959, p.176.

53 ‘mixing them together’: Charles Willson Peale Diary, 29 May–21 June 1804, entry 29 May 1804, Peale 1983–2000, vol.2, pt.2, p.683.

54 ‘fountain of knowledge’: Charles Willson Peale to John DePeyster, 27 June 1804, ibid., p.725.

55 ‘very extraordinary man’: Albert Gallatin to Hannah Gallatin, 6 June 1804, Friis 1959, p.176.

56 ‘most scientific man’: Jefferson to William Armistead Burwell, 1804, ibid., p.181.

57 disputed border: Jefferson to AH, 9 June 1804, Terra 1959, p.789; see also Rebok 2006, p.131; Rebok 2014, pp.48–50.

58 ‘between those lines’: Jefferson to AH, 9 June 1804, Terra 1959, p.789.

59 ‘their nations may be’: Jefferson to John Hollins, 19 February 1809, Rebok 2006, p.126.

60 information about disputed territory: AH to Jefferson, undated, AH Letters America 1993, p.307.

61 ‘treasures of information’: Jefferson to Caspar Wistar, 7 June 1804, DLC.

62 AH’s notes for Jefferson: Friis 1959, pp.178–9; AH’s report for Jefferson, and AH, Abstract of Humboldt’s and Bonpland’s Expedition, end of June 1804: AH Letters USA 2004, pp.484–94, 497–509.

63 Jefferson’s Cabinet meeting: Jefferson to James Madison 4 July 1804 and Jefferson to Albert Gallatin, 3 July 1804, Madison Papers SS, vol.7, p.421.

64 ‘best air of all is’: AH to Albert Gallatin, 20 June 1804; see also AH to Jefferson, 27 June 1804, Terra 1959, pp.789, 801.

65 this ‘beautiful land’: AH to James Madison, 21 June 1804, ibid., p.796.

66 ‘either by violence’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3, p.2.

67 ‘human machine’: AH, 7 August–10 September 1803, Guanajuato, Mexico, AH Diary 1982, p.211.

68 AH on repartimiento: AH, 9–12 September 1802, Hualgayoc, Peru, ibid., p.208.

69 ‘fell from the sky’: AH, February 1802, Quito, ibid., p.106.

70 ’based on ‘immorality’: AH, 23 October–24 December 1802, Lima, Peru, ibid., p.232.

71 ‘slightly raked to’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3, p.79.

72 ‘impoverishes the soil’: Ibid., vol.4, p.120.

73 ‘like a mine’ and AH’s prediction: AH, 22 February 1800, AH Diary 2000, pp.208–9.

74 deforestation Cuba: AH Cuba 2011, p.115; AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.7, p.201.

75 ‘those vegetables which’: AH New Spain 1811, vol.3, p.105; see also AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.7, p.161; AH Cuba 2011, p.95.

76 ‘island would starve’: AH, 23 June–8 July 1801, AH Diary 2003, vol.1, p.87.

77 subsistence farming: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.7, p.161; AH Cuba 2011, p.95; AH New Spain 1811, vol.3, p.105.

78 ‘very tight wall’: AH, 30 March 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.238.

79 irrigations system Mexico City: AH, 1–2 August 1803, AH Diary 2003, vol.2, pp.253–7.

80 water engineers and follies: AH, 30 March 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.238.

81 ‘The only capital’: AH New Spain 1811, vol.3, p.454.

82 ‘imprudent activities’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.7, p.236.

83 ‘I think our governments’: Jefferson to James Madison, 20 December 1787, TJ Papers, vol.12, p.442.

84 ‘millions yet unborn’: Jefferson to Representatives of the Territory of Indiana, 28 December 1805, DLC.

85 Jefferson experiments in agriculture: Wulf 2011, pp.113–20; see also for crop rotation: Jefferson to George Washington, 12 September 1795, TJ Papers, vol.28, pp.464–5; 19 June 1796, TJ Papers, vol.29, pp.128–9; for mould board plough: TJ to John Sinclair, 23 March 1798, TJ Papers, vol. 30, p.202; Thomson 2012, pp.171–2.

86 ‘I expect every day’: Jefferson to James Madison, 19 May, 9 June, 1 September 1793, TJ Papers, vol.26, pp.62, 241, vol.27, p.7.

87 ‘greatest service which’: Jefferson, Summary of Public Service, after 2 September 1800, ibid., vol. 32, p.124.

88 Jefferson and plants: For upland rice, see Wulf 2011, p.70; Jefferson to Edward Rutledge, 14 July 1787, TJ Papers, vol.11, p.587; for death penalty, see Jefferson to John Jay, 4 May 1787, TJ Papers, vol.11, p.339; for sugar maple orchards, see Wulf 2011, p.94ff.; for 330 varieties of vegetables, see Hatch 2012, p.4.

89 ‘the true representatives’: Jefferson to Arthur Campbell, 1 September 1797, TJ Papers, vol.29, p.522.

90 ‘have no country’: Jefferson to Horatio Gates Spafford, 17 March 1814, TJ RS Papers, vol.7, p.248; Jefferson on ownership of land and morals, see Jefferson 1982, p.165.

91 ‘The small landholders’: Jefferson to Madison, 28 October 1785, TJ Papers, vol.8, p.682.

92 50 acres for each free man: Jefferson’s draft for the Virginia constitution, before 13 June 1776 (all three drafts included this provision), TJ Papers, vol.1, p.337ff.

93 ‘the more free’: Madison, ‘Republican Distribution of Citizens’, National Gazette, 2 March 1792.

94 ‘sentiment of liberty’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3, p.15.

95 AH and immorality of slavery: AH Geography 2009, p.134; AH Geography 1807, p.171; see also AH Cuba 2012, p.142ff.; AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.7, p.260ff.

96 ‘every drop of sugarcane’: AH, 23 June–8 July 1801, AH Diary 2003, vol.1, p.87.

97 ‘call their civilization’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.1, p.127.

98 ‘thirst for wealth’: Ibid., vol.3, p.3.

99 Jefferson carried on pillow: Wulf 2011, p.41.

100 ‘absolutely incorruptible’: Jefferson to Edward Bancroft, 26 January 1789, TJ Papers, vol.14, p.492.

101 ‘the greatest evil’: AH Cuba 2011, p.144; AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.7, p.263.

102 ‘disgrace’ and ‘according to the value’: AH to William Thornton, 20 June 1804, AH Letters America 1993, pp.199–200.

103 ‘if it was more pleasant’: AH, 4 Jan–17 February, ‘Colonies’, AH Diary 1982, p.66.

104 treatment of slaves: AH, 9–10 June 1800, ibid., p.255.

105 kitchen boy’s testicles: AH, Lima 23 October–24 December 1802, fragment titled ‘Missions’, ibid., p.145.

106 parcelling up land in small farms: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, pp.126–7; see for farms between Honda and Bogotá, AH, 23 June–8 July 1801, AH Diary 2003, vol.1, p.87.

107 ‘I love to dwell’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.128.

108 ‘what is against nature’: AH, 23 June–8 July 1801, AH Diary 2003, vol.1, p.87.

109 ‘inferior to the whites’: Jefferson 1982, p.143.

110 ‘a common type’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.474; for unity in human race, see also AH Cosmos 1845–52, vol.1, pp.351, 355; AH Kosmos 1845–50, vol.1, pp.381–5; AH Cordilleras 1814, vol.1, 1814, p.15.

111 ‘all are alike designed’: AH Cosmos 1845–52, vol.1, p.355; AH Kosmos 1845–50, vol.1, p.385.

112 ‘Nature is the domain’: AH Cosmos 1845–52, vol.1, p.3; AH Kosmos 1845–50, vol.1, p.4.

1 frigate Favorite: AH to James Madison, 21 June 1804, Terra 1959, p.796.

2 AH’s collections: AH Geography 2009, p.86; Wulf 2008, p.195; AH, Aus Meinem Leben (1769–1850), Biermann 1987, p.104.

3 ‘How I long to be’: AH to Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre, 25 November 1802, Bruhns 1873, vol.1, p.324.

4 ‘I’m so new that’: AH to Carl Freiesleben, 1 August 1804, AH Letters America 1993, p.310.

5 AH chose Paris: AH, Aus Meinem Leben (1769–1850), in Biermann 1987, p.104.

6 two elephants: Stott 2012, p.189.

7 Paris under Napoleon: Horne 2004, p.162ff.; Marrinan 2009, p.298; John Scott, 1814, Scott 1816; Thomas Dibdin, 16 June 1818, Dibdin 1821, vol.2, pp.76–9.

8 ‘as if their houses’: Robert Southey to Edith Southey, 17 May 1817, Southey 1965, vol.2, p.162.

9 ‘philosophers’ and ‘grimaciers’: John Scott, 1814, Scott 1816, pp.98–9.

10 ‘devoted solely to enjoyment’: Ibid., p.116.

11 ‘eternal agitation’: Thomas Dibdin, 16 June 1818, Dibdin 1821, vol.2, p.76.

12 classes and reading: John Scott, 1814, Scott 1816, pp.68, 125.

13 ‘a discourse on some’: Ibid., p.84.

14 Gay-Lussac reached 23,000 feet: AH Geography 2009, p.136; AH Geography 1807, p.176.

15 AH shared room with Gay-Lussac: Casper Voght, 16 March 1808, Voght 1959–65, vol.3, p.116; see also Bruhns 1873, vol.2, p.6.

16 ‘risen from the dead’: Goethe to WH, 30 July 1804, Goethe’s Day 1982–96, vol.4, p.511; AH as president of the Berlin Academy, Christian Gottfried Körner to Friedrich Schiller, 11 September 1804, Schiller Letters 1943–2003, vol.40, p.246.

17 CH in Paris: Geier 2010, p.237; Gersdorff 2013, p.108ff.

18 a ‘fantastical creature’: WH to CH, 29 August 1804, WH CH Letters 1910–16, vol.2, p.232.

19 ‘as if he had only left’: CH to WH, 28 August 1804, ibid., p.231.

20 his ‘Deutschheit’: CH to WH, 22 August 1804, ibid., p.226.

21 ‘one has to honour’: WH to CH, 29 August 1804, ibid., p.232.

22 never see Berlin again: AH to WH, 28 March 1804, quoted in WH to CH, 6 June 1804, ibid., p.182.

23 only ‘pulled faces’: CH to WH, 12 September 1804, ibid., p.249.

24 ‘The fame is greater’: AH to WH, 14 October 1804, Biermann 1987, p.178.

25 Bonpland to La Rochelle: Beck 1959–61, vol.2, p.1.

26 AH at Académie: 19, 24 September and 15, 29 October 1804, AH Letters America 1993, p.15.

27 ‘unites a whole Académie’: Claude Louis Berthollet about AH, in AH to WH, 14 October 1804, Biermann 1987, p.179.

28 critics now enthusiastic: AH to WH, 14 October 1804, ibid., p.178.

29 ‘night and day form’: George Ticknor, April 1817, AH Letters USA 2004, p.516.

30 AH’s results used by others: AH to WH, 14 October 1804, Biermann 1987, p.179.

31 AH shared specimens: AH to Dietrich Ludwig Gustav Karsten, 10 March 1805, Bruhns 1873, vol.1, p.350.

32 pension for Bonpland: AH to WH, 14 October 1804, Biermann 1987, p.179; Bruhns 1873, vol.1, p.398; AH to Jardin des Plantes, 1804, Schneppen 2002, p.10.

33 AH missed South America: AH to Carl Freiesleben, 1 August 1804, AH Letters America 1993, p.310.

34 Bolívar and AH met: Arana 2013, p.57; Heiman 1959, pp.221–4.

35 AH introduced by Montúfar (footnote): Arana, 2013, p.57; AH, January 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.177.

36 Bolívar in Paris: Lynch 2006, p.22ff.; Arana 2013, p.53ff.

37 Bolívar’s teeth: O’Leary 1969, p.30.

38 Bolívar visited AH: Arana 2013, p.58; Heiman 1959, p.224.

39 AH painted with vivid colours: Bolívar to AH, 10 November 1821, Minguet 1986, p.743.

40 AH, Bolívar and revolutions: AH to Bolívar, 29 July 1822, ibid., pp.749–50.