The Ice Master (51 page)

Notes

LEGEND

BC (Archives)
—British Columbia Archives

BWD
—Bowdoin College, Maine

CAE—
Canadian Arctic Expedition

DRT
—Dartmouth College

JNC
—Jennifer Niven's Collection

KGC
—Kenneth Gordon Chipman

MMBC—
Maritime Museum, British Columbia

OJ—
Official Journal of the Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913–1918

NAC
—National Archives of Canada

NLS—
National Library of Scotland

RAB
—Robert Abram Bartlett

RMA
—Dr. Rudolph Martin Anderson

WLM
—William Laird McKinlay

PRIMARY SOURCES AND METHODOLOGY

This book is based on the diaries, journals, letters, unpublished manuscripts, and papers written by the members of the 1913 Canadian Arctic Expedition, and on other pertinent letters and journals, as well as on documents and public records in government archives.

Providentially, most of the scientists and crew members kept diaries and journals, wrote letters home, and composed official reports and, despite the calamities the
Karluk
endured, many of these invaluable documents have survived. Some of the diaries, as in Mamen's case, were kept up until the days just before death. Other materials, as in McKinlay's case, included writing composed by memory over the course of several decades. My objective has been to bring the reader as close as possible to these primary sources and, through them, to the actual time and experiences documented by the people who lived them.

Over the years, as I conducted my research in the Unites States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, I constructed day-by-day calendars, juxtaposing all the firsthand accounts recorded by the participants themselves. This process allowed me to weave together and compare all the accounts of each event.

In addition to relying on the primary written sources, I conducted interviews and/or carried on extensive correspondence with the following:

Nancy Scott, daughter of William Laird McKinlay

Jennifer Byrd, granddaughter of William Laird McKinlay

Mugpi, the last living survivor of the
Karluk
, and her daughter Emily Wilson

Stuart Jenness, son of anthropologist Diamond Jenness

Peter Anderson, great-nephew of Alexander “Sandy” Anderson

Sonja Carling, relative of Bjarne Mamen

Jens Anker, relative of Bjarne Mamen

Magnus and Mamie Magnusson, friends of William McKinlay

Lord George Emslie, friend of William McKinlay

GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS

The Canadian Arctic Expedition, Agreement, Formation, and Preliminary History, NAC/MG30-B40

The Canadian Arctic Expedition, Auditor General's Report, 1912–1918, Details of Expenditures, NAC/MG30-B40

The Canadian Arctic Expedition, General Criticism and Controversy, NAC/MG30-B40

The Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913–1918, Preliminary History, Rudolph Martin Anderson Collection/Anderson-Allstrand Collection, NAC/MG30-B40

The Canadian Arctic Expedition, Reports of Southern and Northern Divisions, MMBC

Official Journal of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, Northern Party, 1913-1918, NAC/RG42-Volume 345

Official Papers Regarding the Death of George Breddy, NLS/DEP 357

MAJOR UNPUBLISHED SOURCES

Anderson, Rudolph Martin, Papers and Documents, Rudolph Martin Anderson Collection/Anderson-Allstrand Collection, NAC/MG30-B40

Bartlett, Robert Abram, Official Journal, Ship's Log, and Personal Papers, Robert Abram Bartlett Papers 1888-1989, Special Collections & Archives, BWD

Chafe, Ernest F.,
The Voyage of the Karluk and its Tragic Ending
, unpublished manuscript, MMBC.

Chipman, Kenneth Gordon, Diary and Papers, Kenneth Gordon Chipman Fonds, NAC/MG30-B66

Hadley, John, Diary, John Hadley Fonds, NAC/MG30-B2

The Karluk Chronicle
, Official Newsletter of the HMCS
Karluk
, DRT

McConnell, Burt, Official Diary and Papers, Burt M. McConnell Fonds, NAC/MG30-B24

McKinlay, William L., Official diary submitted to the Canadian Government and Papers, NAC, William Laird McKinlay Fonds, NAC/MG30-B25

McKinlay, William L., Original diary (versions one and two) and Personal Papers, Correspondence and Papers of William Laird McKinlay, NLS/DEP 357

McKinlay, William L., First Draft of Manuscript
Karluk
, unpublished manuscript, William Laird McKinlay Fonds, NAC/MG30-B25. (Note: Often referred to below as “First Draft” or “First Draft of
Karluk
.”)

McKinlay William L., Second Draft of Manuscript
Karluk
, unpublished manuscript, William Laird McKinlay Fonds, NAC/MG30-B25. (Note: Often referred to below as “Second Draft” or “Second Draft of
Karluk
.”)

Mackay, Dr. Alister Forbes, Diary, Bio, and Petition for Death, Correspondence and Papers of William Laird McKinlay, NLS/DEP 357/3

Mamen, Bjarne, Diary of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, The Bjarne Mamen Fonds, NAC/MG30-B20

Maurer, Fred, Lecture: “A Fight for Life in the Arctic.” 1914, Rudolph Martin Anderson Collection/Anderson-Allstrand Collection, NAC/MG30-B40

Munro, John, Diary, William Laird McKinlay Fonds, NAC/MG30-B25

Williamson, Robert John, Robert J. Williamson Fonds, NAC/MG30-B44

NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS

In citing newspaper articles, many of which were contained in albums and private files, I have provided whatever data was available.

SECONDARY SOURCES CITED IN NOTES

Bartlett, Robert,
The Log of Bob Bartlett
. New York/London: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1928.

Bartlett, Robert and Ralph T. Hale,
Northward Ho!: The Last Voyage of the Karluk
. Boston: Small, Maynard & Company, 1916.

Crich, G.E.,
In Search of Heroes
. London, Ontario: Northwinds, 1990.

DeLong, Emma, ed.,
The Voyage of the Jeannette: The Journals of George W. De Long
(Volumes One and Two). Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1884.

Diubaldo, Richard J.,
Stefansson and the Canadian Arctic
. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1978.

Fitzgerald, Edward,
Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám
. New York: Shakespeare House, 1951.

Hole, S. Reynolds,
A Book About Roses
. New York: William S. Gottsberger, 1883.

Horwood, Harold,
Bartlett: The Great Canadian Explorer
. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1977.

Jenness, Stuart, ed.,
Arctic Odyssey: The Diary of Diamond Jenness, 1913-1916
. Quebec: Canadian Museum of Civilization, 1991.

LeBourdais, D.M.,
Northward on the New Frontier
. Ottawa: Graphic Publishers, 1931.

McKinlay, William Laird,
Karluk: The Great Untold Story of Arctic Exploration
. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1976.

Nansen, Fridtjof,
In Northern Mists: Arctic Exploration in Early Times
(Volumes One and Two). New York: Frederick Stokes, 1911.

Peary, Robert E.,
The North Pole
. New York: Dover Publications, 1986.

Pielou, E.C.,
A Naturalist's Guide to the Arctic
. Chicago/London: The University of Chicago Press, 1994.

Stefansson, Vilhjalmur,
The Friendly Arctic
. New York: Macmillan, 1921.

Thomas, Lowell,
Sir Hubert Wilkins: His World of Adventure
. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961.

OTHER SELECTED SECONDARY SOURCES

Bartlett, Robert,
Sails Over Ice
. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1934.

Brower, Charles D.,
Fifty Years Below Zero: A Lifetime of Adventure in the Far North
. University of Alaska Press, 1994.

Dear, Ian and Peter Kemp,
An A-Z of Sailing Terms
. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.

De Coccola, Raymond and Paul King,
The Incredible Eskimo: Life Among the Barren Land Eskimo
. Canada: Hancock House, 1989.

Falconer, William,
The Shipwreck
. London: T. Nelson and Sons, 1868.

Feeney, Robert E.,
Polar Journeys: The Role of Food and Nutrition in Early Exploration
. Fairbanks, University of Alaska Press and American Chemical Society, 1997.

Hoehling, A.A.,
The Jeannette Expedition: An Ill-Fated Journey to the Arctic
. London: Abelard-Schuman, 1967.

Kemp, Peter,
The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea
. London: Oxford University Press, 1976.

King, Dean,
A Sea of Words
. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1995.

LeBourdais, D.M.,
Stefansson: Ambassador of the North
. Montreal: Harvest House, 1963.

Lopez, Barry,
Arctic Dreams
. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1986.

Mountfield, David,
A History of Polar Exploration
. New York: The Dial Press, 1974.

Mowat, Farley,
The Polar Passion
. Canada: McClelland & Stewart Inc., 1989.

Newcomb, Raymond Lee,
Our Lost Explorers: The Narrative of the Jeannette Arctic Expedition
. Hartford, Connecticut: American Publishing Company, 1883.

Putnam, George Palmer,
Mariner of the North: The Life of Captain Bob Bartlett
. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1947.

Shackleton, Sir Ernest,
Aurora Australis
. England: Airlife Publishing Ltd., 1988.

Shackleton, Sir Ernest,
Heart of the Antarctic
. London: William Heinemann, 1910.

Stefansson, Vilhjalmur,
The Adventure of Wrangel Island
. New York: Macmillan, 1925.

Stefansson, Vilhjalmur,
The Autobiography of Vilhjalmur Stefansson
. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1964.

Stefansson, Vilhjalmur,
My Life with the Eskimo
. New York: Collier Books, 1971.

Swaney, Deanna,
The Arctic
. Oakland, California: Lonely Planet Publications, 1999.

Weems, John Edward,
Peary: The Explorer and the Man
. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1967.

Willis, Clint,
Ice: Stories of Survival from Polar Exploration
. New York: Thunders' Mouth Press/Balliett & Fitzgerald Inc., 1999.

PROLOGUE

1
  “I am afraid . . .
”
William Laird McKinlay (hereafter WLM) to Alan Cooke, September 25, 1973, NLS

2
  “The two years . . .” McKinlay writes in
Karluk
preface, 2nd draft, Part 1B, p. III: “A few ships did have wireless receivers then, but not the KARLUK nor the ENDURANCE.” NAC

3
  “Not all the horrors . . .
”
WLM,
Karluk: The Great Untold Story of Arctic Exploration
, 1976, p. 161

4
  “The greatest humbug . . .” Roald Amundsen, letter to Dr. Rudolph Martin Anderson (hereafter RMA) February 16, 1928, NAC

5
  “If there is . . .
”
WLM,
Karluk
preface, 2nd draft, Part 1B, p. III, NAC

SEPTEMBER 29, 1924

1
  
“We did not. . .”
Robert Abram Bartlett (hereafter RAB),
Northward Ho!: The Last Voyage of the Karluk
(hereafter
The Last Voyage of the Karluk
), p. 1

2
  Even though the . . . D. M. LeBourdais,
Northward on the New Frontier
, p. 269

3
  And there, on . . . LeBourdais, p. 275

4
  “A young man . . .
”
LeBourdais, p. 279

5
  Captain Lane and . . . LeBourdais, pp. 280-281

AUGUST 1913

1
  “
The Chief of . . .”
Official Journal during the Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913–18, Northern Party, 1914-18, NAC

2
  In fact, before . . .” Extract from the Order in Council of February 22, 1914,” p. 3, CAE Agreement, Formation, and Preliminary History, NAC

3
  “an old coffee . . .” Kenneth Gordon Chipman's diary (hereafter KGC), July 2, 1913, NAC

4
  “absolutely unsuitable to . . .” Quoted in Diubaldo,
Stefansson and the Canadian Arctic
, p. 71

5
  But there was . . . Maurer, lecture, p. 16, NAC

6
  “Our parting was . . .” “Captain Bob Bartlett,”
New York Times
, August 27, 1937

7
  “I thought Peary . . .” Robert Abram Bartlett (hereafter RAB), “‘Greatest Of Men' Tribute to Peary,” BWD

8
  Without consulting the . . . RMA, The Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918, Preliminary History (hereafter CAEPH), p. 7, NAC

9
  “exceedingly over-confident . . .” RMA, CAEPH, NAC, p. 10

10
  “the evil influences . . .” RMA, CAEPH, NAC, p. 10

11
  “looked . . . as if . . .” Lowell Thomas,
Sir Hubert Wilkins: HisWorld of Adventure
, p. 64

12
  “a man of . . .” The
Karluk
Chronicle, June 22, 1913, DRT

13
  “And to think . . .” The
Karluk
Chronicle, June 18, 1913, DRT

14
  “Snow on the . . .” WLM, diary, August 1, 1913, NLS

15
  But he had . . . (Conversation with Lord George Emslie, July 7, 1999, Edinburgh, Scotland

16
  While there, he . . . Dr. William S. Bruce to WLM, February 6, 1912, NLS

17
  “Nowhere else have . . .” Fridtjof Nansen,
In Northern Mists: Arctic Exploration in Early Times

18
  “Best wishes” was . . . WLM to Mrs. Crouther Gordon, October 6, 1976, NLS

19
  “Shoot now,” Bartlett . . . Bjarne Mamen, diary, August 2, 1913, NAC

20
  “He appealed to . . .” KCG, letter to Mr. Boyd, July 18, 1913, NAC

21
  “I hope to . . .” Mamen, diary, October 4, 1913, NAC

22
  Physically, at least . . . The
Karluk
Chronicle, June 29, 1913, DRT

23
  He made no . . . WLM,
Karluk: The Great Untold Story of Arctic Exploration
, p. 12