The Great War for Civilisation (229 page)

916 “was born of a marriage”: Love,
Suez
, p. 433.

(n.) 916 According to Arye Biro: See
Irish Times
, 7 August 1995, “Egypt angry at admission of POW killings,” by David Horowitz; also L'Orient Le Jour (Beirut), 22 July 1995, “L'Armée Israelienne aurait abattu des prisonniers Egyptiens en 1956.”

917 “It was a nightmare”: Interview with Mustafa Kamal Murad, Cairo, 18 October 1986.

918 Several civilians were massacred: Love,
Suez
, p. 601.

919 He claimed then that the British: Interview with Mohamed Mahran Othman, Port Said, Egypt, 21 July 1997.

919 to treat his comrades for five more hours: NA AIR20/9577.

919 “malicious mentality”: NA AIR20/10369.

919 was to see bodies still unburied: Interview with Alex Eftyvoulos of Associated Press, Nicosia, 26 July 1997.

(n.) 919 “interrogation of Prisoners of War”: NA WO288/51; “We have not extended our enquiries”: NA WO32/16345.

921 “If we had allowed things to drift”: Love,
Suez
, p. 578.

931 It was written not for the United States: For full text, see http://
www.israeleconomy.org/
strat1.htm

Chapter Twenty-three: Atomic Dog, Annihilator, Arsonist, Anthrax,
Anguish and Agamemnon

949 “If Providence does not intrude”: Pat Buchanan; see
http://amconmag.com/2002_10_7/after_the_war.htm

955 “Mosque attendance is rising”:
Economist
, 31 January 1998, “Iraq discovers religion: Battered by seven years of sanctions, Iraqis are turning to Islam. For his own reasons, Saddam is doing the same.”

(n.) 972 It concluded that while the killings: Reporters Without Borders,
Two Murders and a Lie:
An Investigation by Jean-Paul Mari
, January 2004.

Chapter Twenty-four: Into the Wilderness

1,032 bin Laden appears to admit: A privately made videotape disclosed by the Pentagon, 13 December 2001.

1,032 Dream theories: See Iain R. Edgar's “The Dream Will Tell: Militant Muslim Dreaming in the Context of Traditional and Contemporary Islamic Dream Theory and Practice,” published in
Dreaming
14, no. 1, 2004.

(n.) 1,032 anti-Islamic tracts: see Dr. Grace Heney, “Distorted Images: Anti-Islamic Propaganda at the time of the expulsion of the Moriscos,” published in
Images des Morisques dans
La Littérature et les Arts
(Zaghoun, Tunisia: Fondation Termini pour la Recherche Scientifique et l'Information, April 1999).

1,040 “It is true that we cannot”: Albert Camus, “Neither Victims nor Executioners” (New York: Liberation, 1960), p. 22. Camus's essay was originally serialized in the French newspaper
Combat
in the autumn of 1946; the New York
Liberation
edition was subsequently reprinted by Ourside, Gloucestershire, 2005, in its original format.

(n.) 1,037 It was the Israeli newspaper:
Ma'ariv,
14 February 2002.

1,040 “Justice itself tends”: T. S. Eliot writing on 28 January 1946 in the preface to The Dark
Side of the Moon
(London: Faber, 1946), p. 8.

Select Bibliography

THE FOLLOWING BOOKS AND DOCUMENTS are listed here as a guide for readers who want to follow up the story of Palestine, Israel, the Armenian Holocaust, Saddam's regime, the Iranian revolution and its eight-year war with Iraq, the Algerian conflict, past and present, and the history of the modern Middle East—if indeed there is a “modern” Middle East. They are by no means comprehensive, and I disagree with some of their conclusions. Martin Gilbert's volume on modern Israel, for example, lacks the unflinching academic impartiality of his magisterial history of the Jewish Holocaust. Details of Kanan Makiya's work on the cruelty of Saddam's Iraq have been questioned by several prominent scholars. David Fromkin's wonderful analysis of the Middle East and the results of the 1914–18 war is marred by an exceptionally prejudiced section (Chapter 58) on the Palestinians. Moammar Ghadafi's ghastly novel is included to represent the delusion of dictators—I have spared the reader Saddam's own romantic epics. General Sir Peter de la Billière's account of the 1991 Gulf War is pompous and frustrating—he won't even tell his readers that his SAS men escaped via Syria—but there are some grim and disturbing references to the “anti-terrorist” war in the Gulf. The history of the 2003 Anglo-American invasion and occupation of Iraq has dealt cruelly with Kenneth Pollack's moralistic arguments for war; I've included
The Threatening Storm
to show just how specific—and misleading—were the efforts to persuade Americans to invade.

Bibliographies, like dictatorships, lack perfection. Does a biography of Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, fall under “Palestine” or “Middle East History”? Do books on the Iran–Iraq War come under Iran or Iraq? I have included one work on the execution of deserters in the 1914–18 war and another on the Chinese labour force in the same conflict— both of which are relevant to the chapter on my soldier father. Clearly, they fall under no Middle East category. I have tried, therefore, to list books and documents under subjects as well as countries so that the reader can search for them more easily.

General

Charney, Israel.
Encyclopaedia of Genocide,
2 vols. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio, 1999.

Chomsky, Noam.
Hegemony or Survival: America's Quest for Global Dominance.
London: Hamish Hamilton, 2003.

——.
9/11.
New York: Seven Stories Press, 2001.

——.
Rogue States: The Rule of Force in World A fairs.
London: Pluto Press, 2000.

——.
World Orders, Old and New.
London: Pluto Press, 1994.

Dallas, Roland.
King Hussein: A Life on the Edge.
London: Profile Books, 1999.

Ghadaffi, Moammar.
Escape to Hell and Other Stories.
London: Blake, 1999.

Gilbert, Martin.
The Holocaust: The Jewish Tragedy.
London: Collins, 1986.

Halliday, Fred.
Two Hours That Shook the World: September 11, 2001: Causes and Consequences.
London: Saqi Books, 2002.

Kalashnikov, Mikhail.
From a Stranger's Doorstep to the Kremlin Gates: A Word from the AK
Man.
Moscow: Military Parade Ltd., 1997.

Makiya, Kanan.
Cruelty and Silence: War, Tyranny, Uprising and the Arab World.
London: Jonathan Cape, 1993.

Meissonnier, Martin, Frédéric Loore, and Roger Trilling.
Uranium Appauvri: La Guerre Invisible.
Paris: Laffont, 2001.

Minghella, Anthony.
The English Patient
(screenplay). London: Methuen, 1997.

Morris, James.
The Market of Seleukia.
London: Faber & Faber, 1957.

Rodinson, Maxime.
Mohammed.
London: Penguin, 1971.

Ruthven, Malise.
Islam in the World.
London: Penguin, 1984.

Said, Edward.
Orientalism.
New York: Vintage Books, 1979.

Steinbeck, John.
Once There Was a War.
London: William Heinemann, 1959.

Summerskill, Michael.
China on the Western Front: Britain's Chinese Work Force in the First
World War.
London: Michael Summerskill, 1982.

Woodhouse, C. M. Something Ventured. London: Granada, 1982.

Yallop, David.
To the Ends of the Earth: The Hunt for the Jackal.
London: Corgi, 1994.

Middle East History

Antonius, George.
The Arab Awakening: The Story of the Arab National Movement.
London: Hamish Hamilton, 1969.

Armstrong, Karen.
Holy War: The Crusades and Their Impact on Today's World.
London: Paper-mac Macmillan, 1991.

Chomsky, Noam.
Middle East Illusions.
Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003.

——.
Peace in the Middle East? Reflections on Justice and Nationhood.
London: Fontana/Collins, 1974.

Cohen, Michael J.
Palestine: Retreat from the Mandate, The Making of British Police 1936–1945.
London: Paul Elek, 1978.

Cooper, Artemis.
Cairo in the War 1939–1945.
London: Hamish Hamilton, 1989.

Cragg, Kenneth.
The Arab Christian: A History in the Middle East.
London: Mowbray/Cassell, 1992.

Fournie, Pierre, and Jena-Louis Riccioli.
La France et le Proche-Orient 1916–1946: Une
chronique photographique de la présence française en Syrie et au Liban, en Palestine, au
Hedjaz et en Cilicie.
Tournai, Belgium: Department Beaux-Livres/Voyage des Editions Casterman, 1996.

Fromkin, David.
A Peace to End All Peace: Creating the Modern Middle East 1914–1922
. London: André Deutsch, 1989.

Gouraud, Philippe.
Le General Henri Gouraud au Liban et en Syrie 1919–1923
. Paris: l'Harmattan, 1993.

Green, Stephen.
Living by the Sword: America and Israel in the Middle East 1968–1987.
London: Faber & Faber, 1988.

Heikal, Mohamed.
Sphinx and Commissar: The Rise and Fall of Soviet Influence in the Middle
East
. London: Collins, 1978.

Hirst, David.
The Gun and the Olive Branch: The Roots of Violence in the Middle East.
London: Faber & Faber, 1984; and New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, Nation Books, 2003.

Housepian, Marjorie.
Smyrna 1922: The Destruction of a City.
London: Faber & Faber, 1972.

Howard, Harry N.
The King-Crane Commission: An American Enquiry into the Middle East.
Beirut: Khayats, 1963.

Maalouf, Amin.
The Crusades Through Arab Eyes
. New York: Schocken Books, 1984.

Menocal, Maria Rosa.
The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a
Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain.
New York: Little, Brown, 2002.

Runciman, Steven.
A History of the Crusades,
3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951, 1952, 1954.

Shlaim, Avi.
The Politics of Partition: King Abdullah, the Zionists and Palestine 1921–1951
. Oxford University Press, 1990.

——.
War and Peace in the Middle East: A Concise History.
London: Penguin, 1995.

Warner, Geoffrey.
Iraq and Syria 1941.
London: Davis-Poynter, 1974.

Wheatcroft, Andrew.
Infidels: A History of the Conflict between Christendom and Islam.
New York: Random House, 2004.

Zadka, Saul.
Blood in Zion: How the Jewish Guerrillas Drove the British out of Palestine.
London: Brassey's, 1995.

Afghanistan

Borovik, Artyom.
The Hidden War: A Russian Journalist's Account of the Soviet War in
Afghanistan
. London: Faber & Faber, 1990.

Burnes, Lt. Col. Sir Alexander.
Cabool: A Personal Narrative of a Journey To, and Residence In
that City, in the Years 1836, 7 and 8
. Original publisher unknown, 1841; reprinted Karachi: Indus Publications, 1986.

Cooley, John K. Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism. London: Pluto Press, 1999.

Fullerton, John.
The Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan
. Hong Kong: Far Eastern Economic Review, 1986.

Griffiths, John C. Afghanistan: A History of Conflict. London: André Deutsch, 1981.

Macrory, Patrick.
Signal Catastrophe: The Story of the Disastrous Retreat from Kabul 1842
. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1966.

Miller, Charles.
Khyber: The Story of the North West Frontier
. London: Macdonald & Jane's, 1977.

Mills, H. Woosnam.
The Pathan Revolt in North West India.
Lahore: Civil and Military Gazette Press, 1897, reprinted Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1979.

Newell, Nancy Peabody and Richard S. The Struggle for Afghanistan. London: Cornell University Press, 1981.

Rashid, Ahmed.
Taliban: Islam, Oil and the New Great Game in Central Asia.
London: I. B. Tauris, 2001.

Sykes, Brig. Gen. Sir Percy. The Right Honourable Sir Mortimer Durand, P.C., G.C.M.G., K.C.S.I., K.C.I.E. London: Cassell, 1926; reprinted Lahore: Al Biruni, 1977.

Warburton, Sir Robert.
Eighteen Years in the Khyber 1879–1898
. London: John Murray, 1900, reprinted Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1975.

Algeria

Aggoun, Lounis, and Jean-Baptiste Rivoire.
Francealgérie, crimes et mensonges d'Etats: Histoire
Secrète, de la guerre d'indépendance à la “troisième guerre” d'Algérie
. Paris: La Découverte, 2004.

Behr, Edward.
The Algerian Problem
. London: Penguin, 1961.

Borge, Jacques, and Nicolas Viasnoff.
Archives de l'Algérie.
Paris: Michele Trinckvel, 1995.

Connelly, Matthew.
A Diplomatic Revolution: Algeria's Fight for Independence and the Origins of
the Post–Cold War Era
. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Galibert, Léon. L'Algérie: Ancienne et Moderne depuis les premiers établissements des Carthagi
nois jusqu'à la prise de la smalah d'Abd-El-Kader.
Paris: Furne, 1844.

Horne, Alistair.
A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962.
London: Pan Books, 2002.

Soouaidia, Habib.
La Sale Guerre.
Paris: La Découverte, 2001.

Armenia

Balakian, Peter.
The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response
. London: Heinemann, 2004; New York: HarperCollins, 2003.

——. Black Dog of Fate: A Memoir. New York: HarperCollins, 1997.

Dadrian, Vahakn N.
The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to
Anatolia to the Caucasus
. Oxford and Providence: Berghahn Books, 1995.

Lang, David Marshall.
The Armenians: A People in Exile
. London: Unwin, 1988.

Walker, Christopher J.
Armenia: The Survival of a Nation
. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1980.

Egypt

Heikal, Mohamed.
Cutting the Lion's Tail: Suez Through Egyptian Eyes
. London: André Deutsch, 1986.

——.
Autumn of Fury: The Assassination of Sadat.
London: André Deutsch, 1983.

——.
The Road to Ramadan
. New York: Ballantine, 1975.

Hirst, David, with Irene Beeson.
Sadat
. London: Faber & Faber, 1982.

Love, Kennett.
Suez: The Twice Fought War.
London: Longman, 1969.

Lucas, W. Scott. W. Divided We Stand: Britain, the U.S. and the Suez Crisis. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1991.

Shaw, Tony.
Eden, Suez and the Mass Media: Propaganda and Persuasion During the Suez Crisis.
London: I. B. Tauris, 1996.

El-Shazly, Saad.
The Crossing of Suez: The October War (1973)
. London: Third World Centre for Research and Publishing, 1980.

Vatikiotis, P. J. The History of Modern Egypt: From Muhammad Ali to Mubarak. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991.

The Gulf

Abukhalil, As'ad.
The Battle for Saudi Arabia: Royalty, Fundamentalism, and Global Power.
New York: Seven Stories Press, 2004.

Aburish, Said K. A Brutal Friendship: The West and the Arab Elite. London: Indigo, 1998.

Holden, David, and Richard Johns.
The House of Saud
. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1981.

Iran

Bill, James A.
The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American–Iranian Relations.
New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1988.

Bullock, John, and Harvey Morris.
The Gulf War: Its Origins, History and Consequences.
London: Methuen, 1989.

Ebtekar, Massoumeh, as told to Fred A. Reed.
Takeover in Tehran: The Inside Story of the 1979
U.S. Embassy Capture. Vancouver: Talonbooks, 2000.

Graham, Robert.
Iran: The Illusion of Power.
London: Croom Helm, 1978.

Halliday, Fred.
Iran: Dictatorship and Development.
London: Penguin, 1979.

——.
The Imposed War: Defence versus Aggression,
5 vols. Tehran: War Information Headquarters, Supreme Defence Council, 1983–87.

Kapuscinski, Ryszard.
Shah of Shahs.
London: Pan, 1986.

Al-Khomeini, Imam Ruhallah al-Musawi.
The Greatest Jihad: Combat with the Self.
Tehran: Islamic Thought Foundation, 1995.

——.
The Last Message: The Political and Divine Will of His Holiness.
Tehran: Imam Khomeini Cultural Institute, 1992.

——.
Manifest of the Islamic Revolution.
Tehran: Ali Akbar Ashtiani, 1987.

Rogers, Will and Sharon.
Storm Center: The USS
Vincennes
and Iran Air Flight 655.
Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1992.

Roosevelt, Kermit.
Countercoup: The Struggle for the Control of Iran.
New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979.

Shawcross, William.
The Shah's Last Ride: The Story of the Exile, Misadventures and Death of
The Emperor.
London: Chatto & Windus, 1989.