The Great Influenza (71 page)

'frequent ballyhoo of unimportant stuff':
Ibid., 158.

'he also was tender':
Saul Benison,
Tom Rivers: Reflections on a Life in Medicine and Science, An Oral History Memoir
(1967), 127.

'made to believe':
Corner,
History of the Rockefeller Institute,
155.

'I won't expect anything':
Ibid., 158.

'a great inspiration':
Heidelberger, oral history, 1968, NLM, 66.

'an organism, not an establishment':
Peyton Rous comments, Simon Flexner Memorial Pamphlet.

'science isolated Dr. Koch':
For an account of this meeting see Wade Oliver,
Man Who Lived for Tomorrow,
272/76.

CHAPTER FIVE

'wasn't afraid to fight':
Benison,
Tom Rivers,
30, 70, 204.

'quite remarkable in that way':
Heidelberger, oral history, 83.

'Cole was adamant':
Benison,
Tom Rivers,
70.

'urged to undertake experimental work':
Benison,
Tom Rivers,
68.

'results were better than the system':
Quoted in Flexner and Flexner,
William Henry Welch,
61.

Not until 1912 would Harvard:
Fleming,
William Welch,
4.

a blistering' report:
Vaughan,
A Doctor's Memories,
440.

fifty-seven medical schools:
Ludmerer,
Learning to Heal,
116.

only eight thousand members:
Paul Starr,
The Social Transformation of American Medicine
(1982), 109.

'my initial visit to Baltimore':
Ludmerer,
Learning to Heal,
172.

'make better farmers':
Ibid., see 169/73.

6,843 locations:
Meirion Harries and Susie Harries,
The Last Days of Innocence: America at War, 1917/1918
(1997), 15.

'to' legitimize' ' capitalism:
E. Richard Brown,
Rockefeller's Medicine Men
(1979), quoted in Starr,
Social Transformation,
227.

thirty-one states denied licensing:
Ludmerer,
Learning to Heal,
238/43.

still 25 percent less:
Shryock,
Development of Modern Medicine,
350; Ludmerer,
Learning to Heal,
247.

'The AMA deserved' the credit':
Fulton,
Harvey Cushing,
379.

$154 million into medicine:
Ludmerer,
Learning to Heal,
192/93.

'the sole argument for putting':
Charles Eliot to Abraham Flexner, Feb. 1 and Feb. 16, 1916, WP.

Part II: The Swarm

CHAPTER SIX

'A slow rain fell': Santa Fe Monitor,
Feb. 28, 1918.

didn't suffer fools:
Material on L. V. Miner comes from an interview with his daughter-in-law Mrs. L. V. Miner Jr. on Aug. 27, 1999, and granddaughter Catherine Hart in July 2003, and from
Kansas and Kansans
(1919).

hold the train for him:
For a description of a typical western practice, especially in Kansas, see Arthur E. Hertzler,
The Horse and Buggy Doctor
(1938) and Thomas Bonner,
The Kansas Doctor
(1959).

'sick with pneumonia': Santa Fe Monitor,
Feb. 14, 1918.

'influenza of severe type': Public Health Reports
33, part 1 (April 5, 1918), 502.

'Most everybody over the country': Santa Fe Monitor,
Feb. 21, 1918.

'John will make an ideal soldier': Santa Fe Monitor,
Feb. 28, 1918.

'animosity towards me':
Maj. John T. Donnelly, 341st Machine Gun Battalion, Camp Funston, RG 393, NA.

'to exercise command':
Commanding General C. G. Ballou, Camp Funston, to Adjutant General, March 12, 1918, Camp Funston, RG 393.

'overcrowded and inadequately heated':
Maj. General Merritt W. Ireland, ed.,
Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War,
v. 9,
Communicable Diseases
(1928), 415.

CHAPTER SEVEN

'arrival of American troops in France':
F. M. Burnet and Ellen Clark,
Influenza: A Survey of the Last Fifty Years
(1942), 70.

'a special instance' among infectious diseases:
Bernard Fields,
Fields' Virology,
(1996), 265.

mutate much faster:
Ibid., 114.

'mutant swarm':
J. J. Holland, 'The Origin and Evolution of Viruses,' in
Microbiology and Microbial Infections
(1998), 12.

'certain randomness to the disease':
Ibid., 17.

CHAPTER EIGHT

resist putrefaction:
Quoted in Milton Rosenau notebook, Dec. 12, 1907, Rosenau papers, UNC.

influenza kills more people:
Harvey Simon and Martin Swartz, 'Pulmonary Infections,' and R. J. Douglas, 'Prophylaxis and Treatment of Influenza,' in section 7, Infectious Diseases, in Edward Rubenstein and Daniel Feldman,
Scientific American Medicine
(1995).

'It's equally likely':
Peter Palese, personal communication with the author, Aug. 2, 2001.

'attacked at once':
W. I. B. Beveridge,
Influenza: The Last Great Plague: An Unfinished Story of Discovery
(1977), 26.

'entirely depopulated':
Ibid.

'as in a plague':
John Duffy,
Epidemics in Colonial America
(1953), 187/88, quoted in Dorothy Ann Pettit, 'A Cruel Wind: America Experiences the Pandemic Influenza, 1918/1920, A Social History' (1976), 31.

'youngest as well as the oldest':
Beveridge,
Influenza,
26.

'all weer sick':
Quoted in Pettit, 'Cruel Wind,' 32.

more people died from influenza:
Beveridge,
Influenza,
26/31.

Part III: The Tinderbox

CHAPTER NINE

'The rat serves one useful function':
Major George Crile, 'The Leading War Problems and a Plan of Organization to Meet Them,' draft report, 1916, NAS.

'The war sentiment':
Randolph Bourne, 'The War and the Intellectuals,'
The Seven Arts
(June 1917), 133/46.

'I am sure that my heart':
Arthur Walworth,
Woodrow Wilson,
v. 2 (1965), 63.

'I will not cry 'peace'':
Walworth,
Woodrow Wilson,
v. 1, 344.

'Once lead this people into war':
Walworth,
Woodrow Wilson,
v. 2, 97.

'It isn't an army we must shape':
Stephen Vaughn,
Holding Fast the Inner Lines: Democracy, Nationalism, and the Committee on Public Information
(1980), 3.

'the poison of disloyalty':
David Kennedy,
Over Here: The First World War and American Society
(1980), 24.

'Thank God for Abraham Lincoln':
Walworth,
Woodrow Wilson,
v. 2, 101.

'an imperative necessity':
Walworth,
Woodrow Wilson,
v. 2, 97.

'governed by public opinion':
Kennedy,
Over Here,
47.

'casual or impulsive disloyal utterances':
Vaughn,
Holding Fast the Inner Lines,
226; Kennedy,
Over Here,
81.

'from good motives':
Richard W. Steele,
Free Speech in the Good War
(1999), 153.

two hundred thousand APL members:
Joan Jensen,
The Price of Vigilance
(1968), 115.

'seditious street oratory':
Ibid., 96.

'ninety percent of all the men':
Kennedy,
Over Here,
54.

'What the nation demands':
Quoted in Jensen,
Price of Vigilance,
79.

'Every German or Austrian':
Ibid., 99.

'What had been folly':
Kennedy,
Over Here,
74.

'spreads pessimistic stories':
Vaughn,
Holding Fast the Inner Lines,
155.

'sinister intrigue':
Jensen,
Price of Vigilance,
51.

Two Communist parties:
Robert Murray,
Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria
(1955), 16, 51/53.

'That community is already in the process':
Learned Hand speech, Jan. 27, 1952, quoted in
www.conservativeforum.org
/authquot.asp?ID915.

'Truth and falsehood are arbitrary':
Vaughn,
Holding Fast the Inner Lines,
3.

most citizens were 'mentally children':
Kennedy,
Over Here,
91/92.

climbed onto a chandelier:
Interview with Betty Carter, April 1997.

'one white-hot mass':
Vaughn,
Holding Fast the Inner Lines,
3.

'intellectual cohesion (herd-instinct':
Bourne, 'War and the Intellectuals,' 133.

'the noblest of all mottoes':
Vaughn,
Holding Fast the Inner Lines,
141.

'I am Public Opinion':
Ibid., 169.

'every printed bullet':
Murray,
Red Scare,
12.

'To fight for an ideal':
Vaughn,
Holding Fast the Inner Lines,
126.

'questionable jokes': Philadelphia Inquirer,
Sept. 1, 1918.

'Force to the utmost!':
Walworth,
Woodrow Wilson,
v. 2, 168.

'exert itself in any way':
Red Cross news release, Aug. 23, 1917, entry 12, RG 52, NA.

'delivered at any point':
Aug. 24, 1917 memo, entry 12, RG 52, NA.

'Confectioners and restaurants':
See, for example, the
Arizona Gazette,
Sept. 26, 1918.

'go down to roll bandages':
William Maxwell, unaired interview re Lincoln, Illinois, Feb. 26, 1997, for 'Influenza 1918,'
American Experience.

'Military instruction under officers': Committee on Education and Training: A Review of Its Work,
by the advisory board, unpaginated, appendix. C. R. Mann, chairman, RG 393, NA.

'mobilization of all physically fit registrants':
Memo to the Colleges of the U.S. from Committee on Education and Training, Aug. 28, 1918; copy found in Camp Grant files, RG 393, NA.

CHAPTER TEN

'The Academy now considers':
Quoted in Simon Flexner and James Thomas Flexner,
William Henry Welch and the Heroic Age of American Medicine
(1941), 366.

More soldiers had died of disease:
United States Civil War Center,
www.cwc.lsu.edu/cwc/other/stats/warcost.htm
.

not a single microscope:
Victor Vaughan,
A Doctor's Memories
(1926), 410.

'virgin' human population:
Interview with Dr. Peter Palese, March 20, 2001.

killing 5 percent of all the men:
Memo on measles, undated, RG 112, NA; see also Maj. General Merritt W. Ireland, ed.,
Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War,
v. 9,
Communicable Diseases
(1928), 409.

rotating his attention:
David McCullough,
The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870/1914
(1977), 425/26.

'extremes the sexual moralist can go':
William Allen Pusey, M.D., 'Handling of the Venereal Problem in the U.S. Army in Present Crisis,'
JAMA
(Sept. 28, 1918), 1017.

'A Soldier who gets a dose':
Kennedy,
Over Here,
186.

'no longer a danger':
C. P. Knight, 'The Activities of the USPHS in Extra-Cantonment Zones, with Special Reference to the Venereal Disease Problem,'
Military Surgeon
(Jan. 1919), 41.

test the antitoxin:
Flexner and Flexner,
William Henry Welch,
371.

'[U]nit will be arranged':
Colonel Frederick Russell to Flexner, June 11, 1917, Flexner papers, APS.

no mere cosmetic change:
George A. Corner,
A History of the Rockefeller Institute: 1901/1953, Origins and Growth
(1964), 141.

'best from these classes':
Notes on meeting of National Research Council executive committee, April 19, 1917, NAS.

half of all those' fit for service:
Arthur Lamber, 'Medicine: A Determining Factor in War,'
JAMA
(June 14, 1919), 1713.

army had fifty-eight dentists:
Franklin Martin,
Fifty Years of Medicine and Surgery
(1934), 379.

replaced labels on drug bottles:
Lavinia Dock, 1909, quoted in Soledad Mujica Smith, 'Nursing as Social Responsibility: Implications for Democracy from the Life Perspective of Lavinia Lloyd Dock (1858/1956)' (2002), 78.

'at once sever my connection':
Lavinia Dock et al.,
History of American Red Cross Nursing
(1922), 958.

'carry out the plans':
Ibid., 954.

CHAPTER ELEVEN

'Every single activity':
Editorial,
Military Surgeon
43 (Aug. 1918), 208.

'The consideration of human life':
John C. Wise, 'The Medical Reserve Corps of the U.S. Navy,'
Military Surgeon
(July 1918), 68.