The Great Fossil Enigma (60 page)

19.
G. Bischoff, “Die Conodonten – Stratigraphie des rheno-herzynischen Unterkarbons mit Berücksichtigung der Wocklumeria-Stufe und der Devon/ Karbon-Grenze,”
Abh. Hess. Landesamtes Bodenforsch.
19 (1957): 1–64, 7.

20.
Walliser interview, 25 April 2007, and Müller interview.

21.
K. J. Müller and D. Walossek, “Morphology, ontogeny and life habit of
Agnostuspisiformis
from the Upper Cambrian of Sweden,”
Fossils and Strata
19 (1987): 1–124. This interpretation remains contested, and most trilobite workers believe Müller wrong.

22.
Lindström interview, 22 March 2007.

23.
The discovery was first made by A. K. Ghosh and A. Bose, “Occurrence of microfossils in the Salt Pseudomorph beds of the Punjab Salt Range,”
Nature
160 (1947): 796. A number of other papers by this duo extended the belief that vascular plants existed in the Cambrian. There had been a similar, but similarly disbelieved, discovery in Sweden in 1937: W. C. Darrah, “Spores of Cambrian plants,”
Science
86 (1937): 154–55.

24.
Remarks made by Ziegler in 1996 on the award of the Pander Society medal to Maurits Lindström,
Pander Society Newsletter
(1997).

25.
S. C. Matthew, “Conodonts,”
Nature
206 (1965): 646.

26.
Sweet interview.

7. DIARY OF A FOSSIL FRUIT FLY

1.
D. M. Raup, and R. E. Crick, “Evolution of single characters in the Jurassic ammonite
Kosmoceras,” Paleobiology
7 (1981): 200–215.

2.
E. J. Larson,
Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory
(New York: Modern Library, 2004), 224; G. G. Simpson,
Concession to the Improbable: An Unconventional Autobiography
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978), 114. Simpson,
Concession
, 115, believed Otto Schindewolf's 1936 synthesis “entirely unacceptable.” See also G. G. Simpson,
The Major Features of Evolution
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1953).

3.
On implications of utilitarian stratigraphy in the United States, Simpson,
Concession
, 114, and contributions by Rhodes, 41, and Newell, 64, to P. C. Sylvester-Bradley, ed.,
The Species Concept in Palaeontology
(London: Systematics Association, 1956); N. L. Thomas, “The use of evolutionary changes in geologic correlation,”
J. Paleont.
1 (1927): 135–39, 135; R. W. Harris and R. V. Hollingsworth, “New Pennsylvanian conodonts from Oklahoma,”
Am. J. Sci.
25 (1933): 193–204; Branson and Mehl, “New and little known,” 103 (see ch. 2, n. 58).

4.
Ellison, “Conodonts” (see ch. 2, n. 38); C. B. Rexroad, “The conodont homeomorphs
Taphrognathus
and
Streptognathodus,” J. Paleont.
32 (1958): 1158–59.

5.
G. G. Simpson,
Tempo and Mode in Evolution
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1944), xv. See also Simpson,
Concession
, 12, 128.

6.
Simpson,
Concession
, 115–16; G. G. Simpson, “Types in modern taxonomy,”
Am. J. Sci.
238 (1940): 413–31: Dunbar, “Symposium on fifty years,” 911.

7.
Sylvester-Bradley,
Species Concept
, 4, and contributions by I. Parker (9) and Frank Rhodes (37).

8.
Austin interview; A. J. Scott and C. W. Collinson, “Intraspecific variability in conodonts:
Palmatolepis glabra,” J. Paleont.
33 (1959): 550–65; Klapper, pers. comm., 16 October 2005.

9.
J. Helms, “Die ‘nodocostata-Gruppe' der Gattung
Polygnathus,” Geologie
10, no. 6 (1961): 674–711, 674–75; Müller interview; K. J. Müller, “Zur Kenntnis der Conodonten-Fauna des europäischen Devons, 1; Die Gattung
Palmatolepis,” Abh. der Senckenbergischen Naturfors. Gesellschaft
494 (1956).

10.
T. H. Morgan,
Evolution and Genetics
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1925), 140–41.

11.
Walliser and Müller interviews; W. Ziegler, “Conodontenfeinstratigraphische Untersuchungen an der Grenze Mittledevon/Oberdevon und in der Adorfstufe,”
Notizbl. Hess. L,-Amt Bodenforsch
87 (1958): 7–77; W. Ziegler, “Phylogenetische Entwicklung stratigraphisch wichtiger Conodonten-Gattungenin der Manticoceras-Stufe (Oberdevon, Deutschland),”
Neues Jahrb. Geol. und Paläontol. Abh
114 (1962): 142–68; W. Ziegler, “Taxonomie und Phylogenie Oberdevonischer conodonten und ihre stratigraphische Bedeutung,”
Abh. Hess. Landes. Bodenforsch.
38 (1962): 1–166, 6.

12.
J. Helms, “Zur ‘Phylogenese' und Taxionomie von
Palmatolepis
(Conodontida, Oberdevon),”
Geologie
12 (1963): 449–85.

13.
Gould,
Wonderful Life
, 60.

14.
Klapper, pers. comm., 16 October 2005; G. Klapper and W. M. Furnish, “Conodont zonation of the early Upper Devonian in eastern Iowa,”
Iowa Acad. Sci. Proc.
69 (1963): 400–410.

15.
B. F. Glenister and G. Klapper, “Upper Devonian conodonts from the Canning Basin, Western Australia,”
J. Paleont.
40 (1966): 777–842; W. Ziegler, “Conodont stratigraphy of the European Devonian,” in W. C. Sweet and S. M. Bergström (eds.),
Symposium on Conodont Stratigraphy
,
GSA
Memoir 127, 227–84, 265.

16.
Klapper, pers. comm., 16 October 2005.

17.
Pander Society Newsletter
7 (January 1974); R. J. Aldridge and P. von Bitter, “The Pander Society (1967–2007): Abrief history at forty,”
Paleontographica Americana
62 (2009): 11–21.

18.
F. H. T. Rhodes, “Conodont research: Programs, progress and priorities,” in F. H. T. Rhodes (ed.),
Conodont Paleozoology
,
GSA
Special Paper 141, 277–86, 277; Soviet group established in December 1966,
Pander Society Newsletter
4 (1970): 3;
Pander Society Newsletter
7 (1974).

19.
Subcommission on Devonian Stratigraphy formed in 1973.

20.
Hass, “Conodonts,” in Moore,
Treatise
, W 42; K. J. Müller, “Taxonomy, evolution, and ecology of conodonts,” in Raymond. C. Moore (ed.),
Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology
, Part W Miscellanea (Lawrence:
GSA
/University of Kansas Press, 1962), W83–W91; K. J. Müller, “Wert and Grenzen der Condonten-Stratigraphie,”
Geol. Rundschau
49 (1960): 83–92.

21.
Müller, “Taxonomy, nomenclature,” 1335 (see ch. 4, n. 14).

22.
K. J. Müller, “Kambrische Conodonten,”
Zeitschr. Deutsch. Geol. Gesell.
111 (1959): 434–85; K. J. Müller, “Cambrian conodont faunas,” in W. C. Sweet and S. M. Bergström (eds.),
Symposium on Conodont Biostratigraphy
,
GSA
Memoir 127, 5–20; K. J. Müller and I. Hinz, “Upper Cambrian conodonts from Sweden,”
Fossils and Strata
28 (1991): 4; Bergström (pers. comm.): “The history of
Westergaardodina
goes all the way back to 1893 and 1903 when Wiman illustrated this fossil as a ‘ganz rätselhafter Organismus' (totally enigmatic organism).”

23.
D. Ager,
Principles of Paleoecology
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963), 97.

24.
K. J. Müller, “Supplement to systematics of conodonts,” in Raymond. C. Moore (ed.),
Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology
, Part W Miscellanea (Lawrence:
GSA
/University of Kansas Press, 1962), W246–49; W. C. Sweet and S. M. Bergström, “Conodonts from the Pratt Ferry Formation (Middle Ordovician) of Alabama,”
J. Paleont.
36 (1962): 1214–52, 1250; Lindström,
Conodonts
31 (see ch. 6, n. 5); Allison R. (Pete) Palmer.

25.
Müller, “Cambrian conodont faunas,” 6; V. Poulsen, “Early Cambrian distacodontid conodonts from Bornholm,”
Biol. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk.
23 (1966): 1–10.

26.
W. Youngquist, “Triassic conodonts from southeastern Idaho,
J. Paleont.
26 (1952): 650–55; W. C. Sweet et al., “Conodont biostratigraphy of the Triassic,” in W. C. Sweet and S. M. Bergström (eds.),
Symposium on Conodont Biostratigraphy
,
GSA
Memoir 127, 441–70, 443; U. Tatge, “Conodonten aus dem germanischen Muschelkalk,”
Palaeont. Z.
30 (1956), 108–27. However, Müller was also publishing information on Triassic conodonts at this time and claimed priority of discovery.

27.
C. R. Stauffer, “Conodonts from the Devonian and associated clays of Minnesota,”
J. Paleont.
14 (1940): 417–35; R. Huckriede, “Die Conodonten der meditteranen Trias und ihr stratigra-phischer Wert,”
Palaeont.
Z. 32 (1958): 141–75; K. Diebel, “Conodonten in der Oberkreide von Kamerun,”
Geologie
5 (1956): 424–50; Huckriede, “Conodonten,” 165.

28.
Hass, “Conodonts,” in Moore,
Treatise
, W39.

29.
Lindström,
Conodonts
, 9, 65, 124.

30.
K. J. Müller, “Some remarks on the youngest conodonts,”
Proceedings of the Second West African Micropaleontological Colloquium, Ibadan
, 1965 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1966), 137–41; L. C. Mosher, “Are there post-Triassic conodonts?”
J. Paleont.
41 (1967): 1554–55.

31.
S. Nohda and T. Steoguchi, “An occurrence of Jurassic conodonts from Japan,”
Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Univ.
, ser. B, 33 (1967): 227–37.

32.
K. J. Müller and L. C. Mosher, “Post-Triassic conodonts,” in W. C. Sweet and S. M. Bergström (eds.),
Symposium on Conodont Biostratigraphy
,
GSA
Memoir 127, 467–70. Mosher spent ten months under Müller's guidance, but Müller himself did not really work on this problem (Müller interview). L. C. Mosher, “Evolution of Triassic platform conodonts,”
J. Paleont.
42 (1968): 947–54.

33.
D. Raup and S. M. Stanley,
Principles of Paleontology
(San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1978), x.

34.
Harvard Gazette
, 20 May 2002;
Guardian
, 22 May 2002.

35.
N. Eldredge and S. J. Gould, “Punctuated equilibria: An alternative to phyletic gradualism,” in T. J. M. Schopf (ed.),
Models of Paleobiology
(San Francisco: Freeman, Cooper, 1972), 82–115; N. Eldredge, “The allopatric model of phylogeny in Paleozoic invertebrates,”
Evolution
25 (1971): 156–67; S. J. Gould, “Evolutionary palaeontology and the science of form,”
Earth-Science Reviews 6
(1970): 77–119; N. Eldredge and S. J. Gould, “Morphological transformation, the fossil record, and the mechanisms of evolution: A debate. Part II the reply,” in T. Dobzhansky et al. (eds.),
Evolutionary Biology
, vol. 7 (New York: Plenum, 1975), 303–308; M. K. Hecht, N. Eldredge, and S. J. Gould, “Morphological transformation, the fossil record, and the mechanisms of evolution: A debate,”
Evolutionary Biology
7 (1974): 295–308.

36.
S. J. Gould and N. Eldredge, “Punctuated equilibria: The tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered,”
Paleobiology
3 (1977): 115–51, 117,125.

37.
A. B. Shaw, “Adam and Eve, paleontology, and the non-objective arts,”
J. Paleont.
43 (1969): 1085–98, 1094–95; Eldredge and Gould, “Punctuated equilibria: An alternative,” 92.

38.
Gould and Eldredge, “Punctuated equilibria: The tempo,” 124–25; G. Klapper and D. B. Johnson, “Sequence in conodont genus
Polygnathus
in Lower Devonian at Lone Mountain, Nevada,”
Geol. et Paleont.
9 (1975): 65–83; Klapper, pers. comm., 16 October 2005.

39.
N. Eldredge and S. J. Gould, “Evolutionary models and biostratigraphic strategies,” in E. G. Kauffman and J. E. Hazel (eds.),
Concepts and Methods of Biostratigraphy
(Stroudsburg, Pa.: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, 1977), 25–40, 31–33; Eldredge, “Allopatric model.”

40.
Eldredge and Gould, “Punctuated equilibria: The tempo,” 31.

8. FEARS OF CIVIL WAR

1.
At the time, Rhodes had no idea if the rumors of Triassic conodonts were actually true. Rhodes, “Zoological affinities.” Rhodes's reimagined assemblages were published in Moore's first
Treatise
just eleven pages after Hass's reprinting of Scott's.

2.
Müller, “Taxonomy, nomenclature.”

3.
H. Schmidt and K. J. Müller, “Weitere Funde von Conodonten-Gruppen aus dem oberen Karbon des Sauerlandes,”
Palaeont. Z.
38 (1964): 105–35, 106.

4.
Ibid., 108, 133.

5.
Lindström,
Conodonts
, 124; C. L. Cooper, “Conodont assemblage from the lower Kinderhook black shales (abstract),”
GSA
Bull.
56 (1945): 1153 simply states, “Five pairs of denticulated bars are recognized, with one complete
Hibbardella
unpaired.” M. Lindström, “Conodonts from the Crug limestone (Ordovician, Wales),”
Micropaleontology
5 (1959): 427–52, 431; Lindström,
Conodonts
, 124 (see ch. 6, n. 2); H. R. Lane, “Symmetry in conodont element-pairs,”
J. Paleont.
42 (1968): 1258–63; A. Voges, “Conodonten aus dem Unterkarbon I und II (Gattendorfia – und Pericyclus-Stufe) des Sauerlandes,”
Palaeont. Z.
33 (1959): 266–314; W. C. Sweet and S. M. Bergström, “Conodonts from the Pratt Ferry Formation (Middle Ordovician) of Alabama,”
J. Paleont.
36 (1962): 1214–52.

6.
Walliser interview; Huckriede, “Die Conodonten”; O. H. Walliser, “Conodonten des Silurs,”
Abh. Hess. Landesamtes Bodenforsch.
41 (1964): 1–106.