The Great Fire (62 page)

     
refugee evacuations, 228, 265, 267–68, 274–75, 285, 315–18, 330, 339–46, 349, 350, 353, 357–63, 366–67, 373–74, 378–86, 388

     
relief committees and, 4, 280–81, 310–11

     
in Smyrna, 265–68, 270–71, 273–74, 277–84, 290–91, 293–94, 296–97

     
transfer to U.S., 389–90

     
in World War I, 262, 263

Powell, John West, 259–60

Powell, Margaret Halsey, 259–60

Powell, Virginia Perkins, 261–62

Prentiss, Mark O., 135, 140–41, 423–25
n

     
alleging Greek atrocities, 273, 325, 381

     
background of, 135, 423–24n

     
Great Fire and, 218, 219, 265–66

     
relief efforts, 273, 283, 357, 424
n

Price, Ward, 181, 221, 430
n

Prinkipo Island, 250, 264–65

Prohibition, 100

Pulitzer, Joseph, 133–34

Quayside Sporting Club, 38

Rahmi Bey, 20

Ratcliff, C.N., 58

Rauf Bey, 359

Ravndal, Gabriel Bie, 53

Red Cross, 132, 134, 138, 143, 156, 187, 234, 329, 386, 388

Reed, Cass, 72, 284, 314–15

Reed, John, 97

Refki, Falih, 305

Refugees along Sea of Marmara, 159–60

Refugees in Smyrna, 3–4, 70–71, 72, 75–79, 87, 90–91, 104–5, 107–8, 119–20, 128, 130–35, 144, 174–75

     
days of despair, 290–98

     
evacuation of.
See
Refugee evacuations of Smyrna

     
food shortages, 109–11, 113–14, 157–58, 180–81, 281–82

     
Noureddin and, 174–77

     
relief efforts, 68, 82, 88, 110–15, 119, 128–30, 134, 138–43, 156–59, 165–66, 174, 177, 178, 180, 202–4, 215, 230–34, 280, 281, 291.
See also specific persons and relief organizations

     
Theodora’s story, 92–94, 286–89, 381

     
Turkish violence against, 150–51, 155–56, 159, 160–61, 165–66, 174, 177–79, 182–88, 191–92, 211–12, 234–35, 294

Refugee evacuations of Black Sea ports, 385–87

Refugee evacuations of Smyrna, 348–68, 378–85

     
British assistance with, 360–61, 363–65, 378–82

     
Constantinopoli
transport, 309–14

     
evacuations begin, 348–68

     
Jennings’s negotiations with Greek PM, 342–46, 375–76

     
Jennings’s promise of protection, 338–40, 343–45, 345
n
, 369–70, 374

     
pressure on Washington, 325–37

     
Rhodes’s letter, 338–40, 342, 343, 344, 369, 371–74

Reid
, USS, 261

Rhodes, John B., 273, 318

     
arrival in Smyrna, 104–5

     
background of, 101–2

     
Jennings and, 314–15, 318; letter, 338–40, 342, 343, 344, 369, 371–74

     
refugee situation, 138, 139, 318

     
trip to Smyrna, 98–99, 101, 103–4

Rhodes, Katherine, 102

Rigoletto
(opera), 90

Ringland, A. C., 331

R.J. Reynolds, 24, 275–76

Rockefeller, John D., 246

Rogers, E. P., 276

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 138
n
, 262, 391–92

Roosevelt, Theodore, 40–41, 261

Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr., 68–69

Royal Dutch Shell Co., 244

Royal East Kent Regiment, 331

Royal Marines, 196

Rue Rechidieh, 202, 206

Rue Suyane, 206

Rumbold, Horace, 131, 250, 256, 334–35

Russia (Soviet Union), 34, 100, 274–75

Russian refugees, 49, 55, 99

Sadik Bey, 301–2

St. George Byzantine-Greek Monastery, 265

St. Stephanos Cathedral, 110, 183, 238

Sakaria River, 16, 33

Sakayan, Dora, 392

Salihli, 105, 127

Salonika, 41–42, 82–83, 125

Samsun, 126, 127, 219–20, 264, 374, 389

Sappho, 40, 42

Sardegna
, SS, 230

Saudi Arabia, 15

Scorpion
, USS, 48, 58, 95, 98, 100, 250, 255, 329, 331

Sea of Marmara, 49, 159–60

Second Light Cruiser Squadron, 362

Seferis, George, 358
n

Selimyeh Barracks, 387, 387
n

Senator
, HMS, 87

September 1922 Revolution, 314, 375–77

Serapis, HMS, 227, 298, 307

Servizi Marittimi, 310

Sevdikuey, 36–37

Sevres Treaty (1920), 14–15, 16, 153, 245–47

Shoedsack, Ernest, 352, 352
n

Siege of Kut-al-Amara, 171–72

Silk Road, 23

Simpson
, USS, 3, 98, 109, 116, 118, 137, 193–94, 199, 204, 215, 251, 273, 284–85

Sinclair Oil Co., 245

Sislian, Arouskiak, 207–11, 213

Smith, George Otis, 65

Smith, Stanley W., 80–81, 88

Smyrna

     
Americans in.
See
Americans in Smyrna

     
approval to send U.S. destroyers, 66, 68–69

     
British in.
See
British in Smyrna

     
burning of.
See
Great Fire of Smyrna

     
Christians in.
See
Christians in Smyrna

     
geography of, 23, 25

     
Greek claims to, 12–14

     
Greek defense of, 105–7, 109–10, 115, 117–18

     
Greek retreat from, 67–68, 118–19, 138–39, 146

     
history of, 22–23, 25–26

     
Litchfield
’s arrival, 103–5, 251, 252

     
map, xvii

     
naval presence in harbor, 78–79, 87, 103–4, 268–69, 273–75

     
Noureddin and, 171–77

     
refugees in.
See
Refugees in Smyrna

     
refugee evacuations of.
See
Refugee evacuations of Smyrna

     
Turkish violence in, 150–51, 155–56, 159, 160–61, 165–66, 174, 177–79, 182–88, 191–92, 195–96, 211–12, 234–35, 294

     
Turks advance on, 36–39, 43–44, 46, 67–68, 87–88, 118–19

     
Turks enter, 127, 143–53

Smyrna-Aydin Railroad, 36, 70, 108, 196, 360

Smyrna Greek Club, 214

Smyrna Quay, 22, 76, 144, 145–46, 277–78, 292

     
American evacuations, 2–6, 213–14

     
Great Fire at, 216–19, 221–22, 229, 230, 238–40

Smyrna Relief Committee, 88–91, 110–11, 113–15, 117, 160–61, 174–75, 180–81, 213, 275, 308–9, 315, 352–53

Smyrna Theater.
See
American Theater

Smyrna YMCA, 5, 18, 20, 73, 141, 180

     
Great Fire and, 198–99

     
Jennings’s assignment to, 27–28, 76–77

     
refugees at, 156–57

Smyrna YWCA, 20, 80, 140, 170, 180

     
Great Fire and, 202–4

     
refugee evacuations, 212–13, 212
n

     
refugees at, 156–57, 165–66

Smyrna 1922: The Destruction of a City
(Housepian), 234
n

“Snows of Kilimanjaro, The” (Hemingway), 31
n

Southern Methodist Church, 326

Souvla
, 13

Spanoudakis, Haralambos, 196

Sparrowhawk
, HMS, 87

Spindletop oilfield, 65–66

Standard Commercial Trading Co., 116, 275–77, 276
n

Standard Oil of New York, 50, 80–81, 98, 205, 222, 231, 249, 263–64, 273

Steffens, Lincoln, 97

Stergiades, Aristides, 20, 44, 80, 85, 105–6, 117, 120, 153, 173

Stewart, Freddie, 140

Strauss, Oscar, 326

Suleiman the Magnificent, 124

Sulferino
, 340

Summer Palace Hotel (Therapia), 58–59, 95

Sweeny, Charles, 133–34, 148–49, 181–82

Sweet Waters of Asia, 95

Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916), 11

Sylph
, 109

Syria, 15, 16, 85, 126, 184

Talat, Mehmet, 125–26

Tbilisi, 97

Tchinarli Street, 200, 201, 202

Teagle, Walter, 245–46

Teapot Dome scandal, 245

Theophanides, Ioannis, 341–44, 346, 358, 375–77

Therapia, 58–59

Thesiger, Bertram, 144–45, 225

Thomas, Lucian Irving, 50, 52–53, 234, 249, 255, 273

Thomas, William Bailey, 55

Thrace, 103, 105–6, 117, 153, 160, 252, 330, 375, 386–87

Toronto Star
, 132, 292–93

Townshend, Charles, 171–72

Treat, A. Wallace, 77–78

Treaty of Lausanne (1923), 393, 400
n

Treaty of London (1915), 11, 401–2
n

Treaty of Sevres (1920), 14–15, 16, 153, 245–47

Treaty of Versailles (1919), 15

Treaty of Versailles
, SS, 293–94, 354, 360

Trebizond, 264, 295, 337, 389

Triantafyllakos, Nikolaos, 342–44

Tribune
, HMS, 157

Trikoupis, Nikolaos, 43

Trueblood, Robert, 280, 283–84, 332

Tulsa
Daily World
, 326

Turkey.
See
also Ottoman Empire; Turkish War of Independence

     
alliance with Germany, 11, 13, 83, 125–26, 341

     
Balkan Wars, 82–84, 403
n

     
Christians in.
See
Christians in Turkey

     
Kemal and birth of Turkish nationalism, 15, 97, 124–27

     
population exchange with Greece, 393–94

     
post-war partition of Ottoman Empire, 11–16, 245–46, 251

Turkish carpets, 24

Turkish First Army, 30, 33, 35, 146–48, 149, 172

Turkish National Bank, 243–44

Turkish nationalist movement, 15, 33

Turkish National Pact (1920), 127

Turkish Petroleum Co., 244

Turkish Quarter, 25, 26, 110, 146, 150, 271

Turkish tobacco, 24, 275–77

Turkish War of Independence, 57–58, 78–79, 133–34, 147–48, 192–93, 253–54, 268–69, 274–75, 295.
See
also Greek-Turkish War

Tyrwhitt, Reginald, 268, 274, 285, 315

Union Francaise, 118–19

Union Theological Institute, 72

University of Michigan, 39

U.S. Shipping Board, 116

Ushak, 43, 264

Utica General Hospital, 73–74

Utica YMCA, 21, 73

Van der Zee, Henri, 120

Vassar College, 260

Venezia
, 87

Venizelos, Eleftherios, 12–13, 51, 403
n

Von Sanders, Limon, 32

Vourla, 358, 378, 379, 383

Waldeck-Rousseau
, 78

Washburn, Everett, 116–17, 118, 149, 235

Washington Nationals, 61

Washington Post
, 62

Webster, J. W., 202, 211–12

Wellesley College, 80, 202

White, George, 176, 272

White Russians, 49

Whitman, Walt, 40, 215

Wilson, Woodrow, 11–15, 53, 61, 109, 129, 251, 261

Winona
, SS, 213, 220–21, 230–31, 234, 239, 272, 294

Witherbee, Walter C., 99

World War I, 11, 245

     
Kemal in, 32–33, 125–26

     
Marsovan incident, 175–76

     
Near East oil’s role, 243–44

     
Noureddin in, 171–72

     
Powell in, 262, 263

     
U.S. enters war, 85, 344

Worsley Hall
, SS, 293–94, 354, 360, 362

Yankton
, USS, 260–61

Yantis, Edward M., 89, 273

YMCA.
See also
Smyrna YMCA

     
Jennings’s assignments, 21, 73, 74–75

York, Alvin, 264

Young Turks, 41–42, 82, 124–26

Yowell, F. D., 296

Zaharoff, Basil, 51, 134

Zimmerman Telegram, 334