The Great Cholesterol Myth (41 page)

BOOK: The Great Cholesterol Myth
4.53Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub

26
. James Shepard et al., “Effects of Nicotinic Acid Therapy on Plasma High Density Lipoprotein Subfraction Distribution and Composition and on Apolipoprotein A Metabolism,”
Journal of Clinical Investigation
63, no. 5 (1979): 858–67; G. Wahlberg et al., “Effects of Nicotinic Acid on Serum Cholesterol Concentrations of High Density Lipoprotein Subfractions HDL2 and HDL3 in Hyperlipoproteinaemia,”
Journal of Internal Medicine
228, no. 2 (1990): 151–57.

27
. Shepard et al., “Effects of Nicotinic Acid Therapy”; Wahlberg et al., “Effects of Nicotinic Acid on Serum Cholesterol.”

28
. Alan Gaby,
Nutritional Medicine
(Concord, NH: Fritz Perlberg Publishing, 2011).

29
. A. Hoffer, “On Niacin Hepatitis,”
Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine
12 (1983): 90.

30
. McKenney et al., “A Comparison of the Efficacy and Toxic Effects of Sustained Vs. Immediate-Release Niacin”; J.A. Etchason et al., “Niacin-Induced Hepatitis: A Potential Side Effect with Low-Dose Time-Release Niacin,”
Mayo Clinic Proceedings
66, no. 1 (1991): 23–28.

31
. Gaby,
Nutritional Medicine
.

32
. E. Serbinova et al., “Free Radical Recycling and Intramembrane Mobility in the Antioxidant Properties of Alpha-Tocopherol and Alpha-Tocotrienol,”
Free Radical Biology & Medicine
10, no. 5 (1991): 263–75.

33
. R.A. Parker et al., “Tocotrienols Regulate Cholesterol Production in Mammalian Cells by Post-Transcriptional Suppression of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A reductase,”
Journal of Biological Chemistry
268 (1993): 11230–38; B.C. Pearce et al., “Hypocholesterolemic Activity of Synthetic and Natural Tocotrienols,”
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
35, no. 20 (1992): 3595–606; B.C. Pearce et al., “Inhibitors of Cholesterol Biosynthesis. 2. Hypocholesterolemic and Antioxidant Activities of Benzopyran and Tetrahydronaphthalene Analogues of the tocotrienols,”
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
37, no. 4 (1994): 526–41.

34
. S.G. Yu et al., “Dose-Response Impact of Various Tocotrienols on Serum Lipid Parameters in Five-Week-Old Female Chickens,”
Lipids
41, no. 5 (2006): 453–61; M. Minhajuddin et al., “Hypolipidemic and Antioxidant Properties of Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Isolated from Rice Bran Oil in Experimentally Induced Hyperlipidemic Rats,”
Food and Chemical Toxicology
43, no. 5 (2005): 747–53; J. Iqbal et al., “Suppression of 7,12-Dimethyl-Benz[alpha]anthracene-Induced Carcinogenesis and Hypercholesterolaemia in Rats by Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Isolated from Rice Bran Oil,”
European Journal of Cancer Prevention
12, no. 6 (2003): 447–53; A.A. Qureshi et al., “Novel Tocotrienols of Rice Bran Suppress Cholesterogenesis in Hereditary Hypercholesterolemic Swine,”
Journal of Nutrition
131, no. 2 (2001): 223–30; M.K. Teoh et al., “Protection by Tocotrienols against Hypercholesterolaemia and Atheroma,”
Medical Journal of Malaysia
49, no. 3 (1994): 255–62; A.A. Qureshi et al., “Dietary Tocotrienols Reduce Concentrations of Plasma Cholesterol, Apolipoprotein B, Thromboxane B2, and Platelet Factor 4 in Pigs with Inherited Hyperlipidemias,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
53, no. 4 (1991): 1042S–46S; D. O’Byrne et al., “Studies of LDL Oxidation Following Alpha-, Gamma-, or Delta-Tocotrienyl Acetate Supplementation of Hypercholesterolemic Humans,”
Free Radical Biology & Medicine
29, no. 9 (2000): 834–45; A.A. Qureshi et al., “Lowering of Serum Cholesterol in Hypercholesterolemic Humans by Tocotrienols (Palm Vitee),”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
53, no. 4 supplement (1991): 1021–26; Qureshi et al., “Response of Hypercholesterolemic Subjects to Administration of Tocotrienols,”
Lipids
30, no. 12 (1995): 1171–77; A.C. Tomeo et al., “Antioxidant Effects of Tocotrienols in Patients with Hyperlipidemia and Carotid Stenosis,”
Lipids
30, no. 12 (1995): 1179–83.

35
. Andrew Stoll,
The Omega-3 Connection
(New York: Free Press, 2001).

36
.
J. Dyerberg et al., “Plasma Cholesterol Concentration in Caucasian Danes and Greenland West Coast Eskimos,”
Danish Medical Bulletin
24, no. 2 (1977): 52–55; H.O. Bang, et al., “The Composition of Food Consumed by Greenland Eskimos,”
Acta Medica Scandinavica
200, nos. 1–2 (1976): 69–73; H.O. Bang and J. Dyerberg, “Plasma Lipids and Lipoproteins in Greenlandic West Coast Eskimos,”
Acta Medica Scandinavica
192, nos. 1–2 (1972): 85–94; H.O. Bang et al., “Plasma Lipid and Lipoprotein Pattern in Greenlandic West Coast Eskimos,”
The Lancet
1, no. 7710 (1971): 1143–45; J.Dyerberg et al., “Fatty Acid Composition of the Plasma Lipids in Greenland Eskimos,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
28, no. 9 (1975): 958–66.

37
. D. Mozzafarian and J.H. Wu, “Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease: Effects on Risk Factors, Molecular Pathways, and Clinical Events,”
Journal of the American College of Cardiology
58, no. 20 (2011): 2047–67.

38
. GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators, “Dietary Supplementation with N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Vitamin E after Myocardial Infarction: Results of the GISSI-Prevenzione Trial,”
The Lancet
354, no. 9177 (1999): 447–55.

39
. Martin R. Cowie, “The Clinical Benefit of Omega-3 PUFA Ethyl Esters Supplementation in Patients with Heart Failure,”
European Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine
1, no. 2 (2010): 14–18.

40
. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, “Clinical Guidelines, CG48,” National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, last modified September 23, 2011,
www.nice.org.uk/CG48
.

41
. Cowie, “The Clinical Benefit of Omega-3 PUFA Ethyl Esters.”

42
. D. Lanzmann-Petithory, “Alpha-Linolenic Acid and Cardiovascular Diseases,”
Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging
5, no. 3 (2001): 179–83.

43
. M. Yokoyama, “Effects of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) on Major Cardiovascular Events in Hypercholesterolemic Patients: The Japan EPA Lipid Intervention Study (JELIS)” presentation, American Heart Association Scientific Sessions, Dallas, Texas, November 13–16, 2005; Medscape, “JELIS—Japan Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Lipid Intervention Study,” Medscape Education,
www.medscape.org/viewarticle/518574
.

44
. G. Bon et al., “Effects of Pantethine on In Vitro Peroxidation of Low-Density Lipoproteins,”
Atherosclerosis
57, no. 1 (1985): 99–106.

45
. A.C. Junior et al., “Antigenotoxic and Antimutagenic Potential of an Annatto Pigment (Norbixin) Against Oxidative Stress,”
Genetics and Molecular Research
4, no. 1 (2005): 94–99; G. Kelly, “Pantethine: A Review of its Biochemistry and Therapeutic Applications,”
Alternative Medicine Review
2, no. 5 (1997): 365–77; F. Coronel et al., “Treatment of Hyperlipemia in Diabetic Patients on Dialysis with a Physiological Substance,”
American Journal of Nephrology
11, no. 1 (1991): 32–36; P. Binaghi et al., “Evaluation of the Hypocholesterolemic Activity of Pantethine in Perimenopausal Women,”
Minerva Medica
81 (1990): 475–79; Z. Lu, “A Double-Blind Clinical Trial: The Effects of Pantethine on Serum Lipids in Patients with Hyperlipidemia,”
Chinese Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases
17, no. 4 (1989): 221–23; M. Eto et al., “Lowering Effect of Pantethine on Plasma Beta-Thromboglobulin and Lipids in Diabetes Mellitus,”
Artery
15, no. 1 (1987): 1–12; D. Prisco et al., “Effect of Oral Treatment with Pantethine on Platelet and Plasma Phospholipids in Type II Hyperlipoproteinemia,”
Angiology
38, no. 3 (1987): 241–47; F. Bellani et al., “Treatment of Hyperlipidemias Complicated by Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly: Results of an Open Short-Term Study with Pantethine,”
Current Therapeutic Research
40, no. 5 (1986): 912–16; S. Bertolini et al., “Lipoprotein Changes Induced by Pantethine in Hyperlipoproteinemic Patients: Adults and Children,”
International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
24, no. 11 (1986): 630–37; C. Donati et al., “Pantethine Improves the Lipid Abnormalities of Chronic Hemodialysis Patients: Results of a Multicenter Clinical Trial,”
Clinical Nephrology
25, no. 2 (1986): 70–74; L. Arsenio et al., “Effectiveness of Long-Term Treatment with Pantethine in Patients with Dyslipidemia,”
Clinical Therapeutics
8, no. 5 (1986): 537–45; S. Giannini et al., “Efeitos da Pantetina Sobrelipides Sangineos,”
Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia
46,
no. 4 (1986): 283–89; F. Bergesio et al., “Impiego della Pantetina nella Dislipidemia dell’Uremico Cronico in Trattamento Dialitico,”
Journal of Clinical Medicine and Research
66, nos. 11–12 (1985): 433–40; G.F. Gensini et al., “Changes in Fatty Acid Composition of the Single Platelet Phospholipids Induced by Pantethine Treatment,”
International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Research
5, no. 5 (1985): 309–18; L. Cattin et al., “Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia with Pantethine and Fenofibrate: An Open Randomized Study on 43 Subjects,”
Current Therapeutic Research
38 (1985): 386–95; A. Postiglione et al., “Pantethine Versus Fenofibrate in the Treatment of Type II Hyperlipoproteinemia,”
Monographs on Atherosclerosis
13 (1985): 145–48; G. Seghieri et al., “Effetto della Terapia con Pantetina in Uremici Cronici Emodializzati con Iperlipoproteinemia di Tipo IV,”
Journal of Clinical Medicine and Research
66, nos. 5–6 (1985): 187–92; L. Arsenio et al., “Iperlipidemia Diabete ed Aterosclerosi: Efficacia del Trattamento con Pantetina,”
Acta Biomed Ateneo Parmense
55, no.1 (1984): 25–42; O. Bosello et al., “Changes in the Very Low Density Lipoprotein Distribution of Apolipoproteins C-III2, CIII1, C-III0, C-II, and Apolipoprotein E after Pantethine Administration,”
Acta Therapeutica
10 (1984): 421–30; P. Da Col et al., “Pantethine in the Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia: A Randomized Double-Blind Trial Versus Tiadenol,”
Current Therapeutic Research
36 (1984): 314–21; A. Gaddi et al., “Controlled Evaluation of Pantethine, a Natural Hypolipidemic Compound, in Patients with Different Forms of Hyperlipoproteinemia,”
Atherosclerosis
50, no. 1 (1984): 73–83; R. Miccoli et al., “Effects of Pantethine on Lipids and Apolipoproteins in Hypercholesterolemic Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients,”
Current Therapeutic Research
36 (1984): 545–49; M. Maioli et al., “Effect of Pantethine on the Subfractions of HDL in Dyslipidemic Patients,”
Current Therapeutic Research
35 (1984): 307–11; G. Ranieri et al., “Effect of Pantethine on Lipids and Lipoproteins in Man,”
Acta Therapeutica
10 (1984): 219–27; A. Murai et al., “The Effects of Pantethine on Lipid and Lipoprotein Abnormalities in Survivors of Cerebral Infarction,”
Artery
12, no. 4 (1983): 234–43; P. Avogaro et al., “Effect of Pantethine on Lipids, Lipoproteins and Apolipoproteins in Man,”
Current Therapeutic Research
33 (1983): 488–93; G. Maggi et al., “Pantethine: A Physiological Lipomodulating Agent in the Treatment of Hyperlipidemia,” C
urrent Therapeutic Research
32 (1982): 380–86; K. Hiramatsu et al., “Influence of Pantethine on Platelet Volume, Microviscosity, Lipid Composition and Functions in Diabetes Mellitus with Hyperlipidemia,”
Tokai Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine
6, no. 1 (1981): 49–57.

46
. Mark Houston et al., “Nonpharmocologic Treatment of Dyslipidemia,”
Progress in Cardiovascular Disease
52, no. 2 (2009): 61–94.

47
. R. Pfister et al., “Plasma Vitamin C Predicts Incident Heart Failure in Men and Women in European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition—Norfolk Prospective Study,”
American Heart Journal
162, no. 2 (2011): 246–53.

48
. W. Wongcharoen and A. Phrommintikul, “The Protective Role of Curcumin in Cardiovascular Diseases,”
International Journal of Cardiology
133, no. 2 (2009): 145–51.

49
. Mark Houston,
What Your Doctor May Not Tell You About Heart Disease
(New York: Grand Central Life & Style, 2012).

50
. G. Ramaswami, “Curcumin Blocks Homocysteine-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction in Porcine Coronary Arteries,”
Journal of Vascular Surgery
40, no. 6 (2004): 1216–22.

51
. H. Sumi et al., “Enhancement of the Fibrinolytic Activity in Plasa by Oral Administration of Nattokinase,”
Acta Haematologica
84, no. 3 (1990): 139–43.

52
. Houston,
What Your Doctor May Not Tell You.

53
. M.A. Carluccio et al., “Olive Oil and Red Wine Antioxidant Polyphenols Inhibit Endothelial Activation: Antiatherogenic Properties of Mediterranean Diet Phytochemicals,”
Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
23, no. 4 (2003): 622–29.

54
.
European Society of Cardiology, “Study Shows Chocolate Reduces Blood Pressure and Risk of Heart Disease,”
European Society of Cardiology
, March 31, 2010,
www.escardio.org/about/press/press-releases/pr-10/Pages/chocolate-reduces-blood-pressure.aspx
.

55
. Mark Houston et al., “Nonpharmologic Treatment for Dyslipideia,”
Progress in Cardiovascular Disease
52, no. 2 (2009), 61–94.

CHAPTER 8

1
. Rick Relyea, “Predator Cues and Pesticides: A Double Dose of Danger,”
Ecological Applications
13, no. 6 (2003): 1515–21.

2
. Julia C. Buck, “The Effects of Multiple Stressors on Wetland Communities: Pesticides, Pathogens, and Competing Amphibians,”
Freshwater Biology
57, no. 1 (2012): 61–73; Qin Guangqiu et al., “Effects of Predator Cues on Pesticide Toxicity: Toward an Understanding of the Mechanism of the Interaction,”
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
30, no. 8 (2011): 1926–34; Maya L. Groner and Rick Relyea, “A Tale of Two Pesticides: How Common Insecticides Affect Aquatic Communities,”
Freshwater Biology
56, no. 11 (2011): 2391–404; Andrew Sih et al., “Two Stressors Are Far Deadlier than One,”
Trends in Ecology and Evolution
19, no. 6 (2004): 274–76.

Other books

Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Binge Eating and Bulimia by Debra L. Safer, Christy F. Telch, Eunice Y. Chen
Best Laid Plans by Robyn Kelly
Diary of Latoya Hunter by Latoya Hunter
Jane Slayre by Sherri Browning Erwin
Letter to My Daughter by Maya Angelou
Clash of Wills by Rogers, S.G.
Beck: Hollywood Hitman by Maggie Marr
Cold Comfort by Ellis Vidler