The First War of Physics (82 page)

347 ‘The point is that the whole structure …’ and subsequent quotations: Bernstein,
Hitler’s Uranium Club
, p. 123.

348 ‘I think it is characteristic that the Germans …’: Bernstein,
Hitler’s Uranium Club
, p. 124.

349 ‘Tell me, Harteck, isn’t it a pity that the others have done it?’ and subsequent quotations: Bernstein,
Hitler’s Uranium Club
, pp. 125–6.

349 ‘When I was young …’: Bernstein,
Hitler’s Uranium Club
, p. 322.

349 ‘History will record that the Americans and the English made a bomb …’: Bernstein,
Hitler’s Uranium Club
, p. 138.

350 ‘At the beginning of the war a group of research workers …’ and subsequent quotation: Bernstein,
Hitler’s Uranium Club
, pp. 147–8.

351 ‘I should like to consider the U-235 bomb …’: Bernstein,
Hitler’s Uranium Club
, p. 169.

352 ‘They won’t let us go back to Germany …’ and subsequent quotation: Bernstein,
Hitler’s Uranium Club
, p. 136.

355 ‘But my speech would be grossly incomplete …’: Bernstein,
Hitler’s Uranium Club
, p. 288.

355 ‘Detained since more than half a year …’: Bernstein,
Hitler’s Uranium Club
, p. 300.

356 ‘The complete suffering of war …’: Cassidy, p. 523.

CHAPTER 18:

359 ‘To avoid the creation of conflicts and misunderstanding …’: Holloway, p. 131.

360 ‘Hiroshima has shaken the whole world …’: Holloway, p. 132.

360 ‘I was so stunned that my legs practically gave way …’: Sakharov, p. 92.

360 ‘The construction of atomic energy facilities …’: Kramer, p. 268.

361 ‘Beria was harsh and rude to his subordinates …’: Sudoplatov, p. 205.

361 ‘Beria understood the necessary scope and dynamics …’: Khariton and Smirnov, pp. 20–31.

362 ‘If a child doesn’t cry …’: Holloway, p. 132.

362 ‘Take measures to organise acquisition …’: Knight, p. 30.

365 ‘Had been in the hands of the police.’: Albright and Kunstel, p. 152.

365 ‘I have gone this far …’: Rhodes,
Dark Sun
, p. 187.

368 ‘Those relations may be perhaps irretrievably embittered …’: quotation from Henry L. Stimson, Memorandum on the Effects of Atomic Bomb, 11 September 1945. A copy of this memorandum can be viewed at
www.nuclearfiles.org

369 ‘You don’t know southerners …’: Holloway, p. 156.

370 ‘Given the tension between the Soviet Union and the United States …’: Khariton and Smirnov, pp. 20–31.

371 ‘The main deficiencies of our present approach …’: Kapitza to Stalin, 25 November 1945, quoted in Kojevnikov, p. 143.

372 ‘The danger exists that scientific discoveries …’: Holloway, p. 142.

372 ‘Niels BOHR is famous as a progressive-minded scientist…’: Beria’s memorandum to Stalin, dated 28 November 1945, is translated and reproduced in Smirnov, pp. 50–1.

373 ‘Capable professor of Moscow University …’: Smirnov, p. 56.

373 ‘I am sure there is no real method of protection …’: Smirnov, p. 59.

374 ‘Viewing the future development of the work …’: quotation from notes on the discussion between I.V. Kurchatov, lead scientist for the Soviet nuclear effort, and Stalin, 25 January 1946. See the virtual archive at
www.wilsoncenter.org

374 ‘To catch up and to surpass.’: Kojevnikov, p. 144.

375 ‘I have no doubt that if we give our scientists …’: Stalin, election speech, 9 February 1946. A copy of this speech is available at
www.coldwarfiles.org

CHAPTER 19: IRON CURTAIN

377 ‘When I come to think of it…’: Gouzenko, p. 210.

377 ‘Candidly, everything about this democratic living seemed good …’: Gouzenko, p. 231.

378 ‘The unbelievable supplies of food …’: Knight, p. 21.

378 ‘We won’t go back, Anna …’ and subsequent quotations: Gouzenko, p. 252.

379 ‘It’s war. It’s war. It’s Russia.’: Knight, p. 33.

379 ‘It was like a bomb on top of everything …’: Knight, p. 36.

379 ‘My own feeling is that the individual…’: Knight, p. 37.

380 ‘Nobody wants to say anything but nice things …’: Gouzenko, p. 312.

380 ‘Oh, I can’t tell you for sure …’: Gouzenko, p. 313.

380 ‘We can’t touch him,’: Knight, p. 34.

382 ‘We have worked out the conditions of a meeting …’: Gouzenko, p. 279.

383 ‘This clandestine procedure …’: quotation from Nunn May, signed statement taken by Lt. Col. L.J. Burt and Major R.W. Spooner, Intelligence Corps, 15 February 1946. A facsimile copy of this statement is available online in the Security Service file KV 2/2226, UK National Archives,
www.nationalarchives.gov.uk

384 ‘As weakness and the effect of this …’: Knight, p. 78.

384 ‘The first thing is to define the national problem …’ and subsequent quotations: Rhodes,
Dark Sun
, p. 205.

385 ‘We recognize that the application of recent scientific discoveries …’: quotation from the declaration on the atomic bomb by President Truman and Prime Ministers Attlee and King. See
www.nuclearfiles.org

386 ‘We have to keep in mind …’: Smirnov, p. 59.

387 ‘Here’s to science and American scientists …’: Holloway, p. 158.

387 ‘The Commission shall make specific proposals …’: quotation from the Soviet–Anglo-American communiqué on the interim meeting, dated 27 December 1945. See the Avalon Project at Yale Law School,
www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon

388 ‘He is worth living a lifetime just to know …’: Conant, p. 355.

388 ‘Everybody genuflected …’: Bird and Sherwin, p. 340.

389 ‘The device detonated about half a mile in the air …’: Morrison, p. 3.

390 ‘Unless Russia is faced with an iron fist …’: quotation from draft letter, Harry S. Truman to Secretary of State James Byrnes, 5 January 1946. A facsimile of this letter can be viewed at
www.trumanlibrary.org

391 ‘[Soviet power is] impervious to logic of reason …’: quotation from George Kennan’s ‘Long Telegram’ (Moscow to Washington), 22 February 1946, National Security Archive,
www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv.
A facsimile of the telegram can be viewed at
www.trumanlibrary.org

391 ‘From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic …’ and subsequent quotations: from Winston Churchill’s ‘Sinews of Peace’ speech, 5 March 1946. This, and many other Churchill speeches, can be viewed at
www.churchill.org

393 ‘Everyone is admiring the Soviet Union …’: Knight, p. 100.

394 ‘If it means getting any of my late colleagues …’: quotation from Nunn May, signed statement taken by Lt. Col. L.J. Burt and Major R.W. Spooner, Intelligence Corps, 15 February 1946.

394 ‘The whole affair was extremely painful to me …’: quotation from Nunn May, signed statement taken by Lt. Col. L.J. Burt and Major R.W. Spooner, Intelligence Corps, 20 February 1946. A facsimile copy of this statement is available online in the Security Service file KV 2/2226, UK National Archives,
www.nationalarchives.gov.uk

395 ‘He was just a nice quiet bachelor …’: Moss, p. 114.

CHAPTER 20: CROSSROADS

397 ‘And as for any post-war problems …’: Rhodes,
The Making of the Atomic Bomb
, p. 530.

398 ‘Any interest in these industrial and commercial aspects …’: quotation from Quebec agreement, 19 August 1943. See
www.atomicarchive.com

398 ‘Full collaboration between the United States and the British Government …’: Gowing,
Britain and Atomic Energy
, p. 447.

400 ‘We desire that there should be full and effective co-operation …’: Gowing,
Independence and Deterrence
, p. 76.

400 ‘The cohesive forces which held men of diverse opinions …’: Brown, p. 311.

401 ‘Considered it inadvisable …’: Groves, p. 406.

401 ‘The dissemination of related technical information …’: quotation from the draft McMahon Bill, available at
www.rosenbergtrial.org

402 ‘We need a man who is young, vigorous, not vain …’: Bird and Sherwin, p. 343.

402 ‘Was the day I gave up hope’: Rhodes,
Dark Sun
, p. 240.

403 ‘We are here to make a choice between the quick and the dead …’ and subsequent quotations: Bernard Baruch, the Baruch plan, presented to the UN Atomic Energy Commission, 14 June 1946. The text can be viewed at
www.atomicarchive.com

404 ‘Quite serious but a somewhat squalid case …’: quotation from the transcript of the shorthand notes taken during the trial of Alan Nunn May, Central Criminal Court, 1 May 1946. A facsimile copy of this transcript is available online in the Security Service file KV 2/2226, UK National Archives,
www.nationalarchives.gov.uk

406 ‘It is likely that a super-bomb can be constructed and will work …’: Rhodes,
Dark Sun
, p. 255.

406 ‘I still thought it was very optimistic …’: Serber, p. 150.

409 ‘The damned Air Corps …’: Rhodes,
Dark Sun
, p. 261.

409 ‘Not so much.’: Rhodes,
Dark Sun
, p. 262.

409 ‘Dressed in all the trappings …’: Graybar, p. 901.

410 ‘The United States can not hope to win …’: Graybar, p. 897.

410 ‘At a time when our plans …’: Bird and Sherwin, p. 350.

410 ‘Common blackmail…’: Rhodes,
Dark Sun
, p. 262.

410 ‘The term “restricted data” as used in this section …’: quotation from US Atomic Energy Act, 1 August 1946.

411 ‘The phrase “all data” included every suggestion …’: Morland, p. 1402.

411 ‘We’ve
got
to have this …’: DeGroot, p. 352.

412 ‘Given up all hope that the Russians …’: Bird and Sherwin, p. 352.

413 ‘I have here three affidavits from three scientists …’: Chevalier, p. 64.

413 ‘I had to report that conversation, you know …’ and subsequent quotations: Chevalier, p. 70.

414 ‘A complicated cock and bull story’: Bird and Sherwin, p. 359.

414 ‘Had a rash and is now immune’: Bird and Sherwin, p. 365.

415 ‘I was shocked when I found out…’: Rhodes,
Dark Sun
, p. 283.

416 ‘It is logical that the United States …’: quotation from the ‘Marshall Plan’ speech at Harvard University, 5 June 1947. See
www.oecd.org

416 ‘Further aid to Britain …’: Rhodes,
Dark Sun
, p. 300.

CHAPTER 21: ARZAMAS-16

417 ‘We have to know ten times more than we are doing’: Holloway, p. 197.

419 ‘Finally, after a long search …’: Tsukerman and Azarkh, p. 134.

421 ‘Well, we have reached it’: Rhodes,
Dark Sun
, p. 275.

421 ‘Atomic energy has now been subordinated …’: Holloway, p. 182.

421 ‘Is that all?’: Holloway, p. 182.

421 ‘In the first days of work of the uranium-graphite pile …’: Goncharov and Ryabev, p. 89.

423 ‘Tall, gangling, reserved, obviously intelligent…’: Lamphere and Shachtman, p. 84.

423 ‘Hans BETHE, Niels BOHR, Enrico FERMI …’: Venona document images, 2 December 1944,
www.nsa.gov/venona

425 ‘I think the best British heavyweight…’: Feklisov, p. 186.

426 ‘I’m very happy to be with you again …’: Feklisov, pp. 187–8.

426 ‘We had arrived in what was for us a new world …’: Tsukerman and Azarkh, p. 49.

427 ‘It was not merely a regime, it was a way of life …’: Rhodes,
Dark Sun
, p. 286.

428 ‘We worked without heed for ourselves …’: Tsukerman and Azarkh, p. 65.

429 ‘Your No. 5356. Information on LIBERAL’s wife …’: Venona document images, 27 November 1944,
www.nsa.gov/venona

430 ‘In his shy way he explained …’: Lamphere and Shachtman, p. 88.

432 ‘We still have enough arrogant neighbours.’: Holloway, p. 186.

436 ‘One of the most ruthless efforts …’: Rhodes,
Dark Sun
, p. 323.

436 ‘I don’t think we ought to use this thing …’: Rhodes,
Dark Sun
, p. 327.

CHAPTER 22: JOE-1

440 ‘The military services didn’t own a single one …’: Kohn and Harahan, p. 83.

441 ‘Darkest night in American military aviation history’: Rhodes,
Dark Sun
, p. 341.

443 ‘Our task would be to investigate …’: Sakharov, p. 94.

443 ‘Possessed by a true war psychology’ and ‘I understood, of course, the terrifying, inhuman nature …’: Sakharov, p. 97.

443 ‘I envy Andrei Sakharov …’: Tsukerman and Azarkh, p. 150.

445 ‘It’s necessary for the project …’ and subsequent quotations: Sakharov, p. 105.

445 ‘To increase its capability to such an extent…’: Rosenberg, p. 70.

446 ‘Incidentally, everybody bemoans the fact…’: Rhodes,
Dark Sun
, p. 21.

446 ‘We practically mapped the place up there …’, and subsequent quotations: Kohn and Harahan, p. 86.

447 ‘I then realized that the combination of the three ideas …’: Fuchs’ confession, War Office, 27 January 1950, reproduced in Moss, pp. 239–48.

448 ‘I’d like to help the Soviet Union …’ and subsequent quotations: Feklisov, pp. 198–9.

449 ‘They’re supposed to be serious people …’: Tsukerman and Azarkh, p. 75.

450 ‘Nothing will come of it, Igor’: Rhodes,
Dark Sun
, p. 366.

450 ‘An explosion. A bright flash of light…’: Tsukerman and Azarkh, p. 77.

451 ‘We hereby report to you, Comrade Stalin …’: Goncharov and Ryabev, p. 91.