The First Ladies
Authors: Feather Schwartz Foster
Copyright © 2011 by Feather Schwartz Foster
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Schwartz Foster, Feather.
The first ladies : From Martha Washington to Mamie Eisenhower, an intimate portrait of the women who shaped America / Feather Schwartz Foster.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
1. Presidents’ spouses—United States—Biography. I. Title.
E176.2.S37 2011
973.09’9—dc22
[B]
2010041948
Printed and bound in the United States of America.
VP 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To the Ladies themselves…
M
ARTHA
W
ASHINGTON
(1731–1802): The Domestic Lady W
A
BIGAIL
A
DAMS
(1744–1818): John’s Wife
D
OLLEY
M
ADISON
(1768–1849): The Magnificent
L
OUISA
A
DAMS
(1775–1852): The Shadow Lady
R
ACHEL
J
ACKSON
(1767–1828): Her Sacred Name
J
ULIA
T
YLER
(1820–89): The Rose of Long Island
S
ARAH
P
OLK
(1803–91): Sarah, Straight and Strong
M
ARY
L
INCOLN
(1818–82): The Born Diva
J
ULIA
G
RANT
(1826–1902): Rock Solid to the Core
L
UCY
H
AYES
(1831–89): The Old-Fashioned New Woman
F
RANCES
C
LEVELAND
(1864–1947): A Star Is Born
C
AROLINE
H
ARRISON
(1832–92): Alias Martha Stewart
E
DITH
R
OOSEVELT
(1861–1948): The Elegant White House
N
ELLIE
T
AFT
(1861–1943): The Wind Beneath
E
LLEN
W
ILSON
(1860–1914): The Steel Magnolia
E
DITH
W
ILSON
(1872–1961): Dragon Lady
F
LORENCE
H
ARDING
(1860–1924): Duchess
G
RACE
C
OOLIDGE
(1879–1957): Bountiful Graces
L
OU
H
OOVER
(1874–1944): The Unsung Hero
E
LEANOR
R
OOSEVELT
(1884–1962): The Incomparable Mrs. R
B
ESS
T
RUMAN
(1885–1982): Reluctant Lady
To the docents of the dozens of presidential sites I have visited over the years, who have cheerfully put up with my zillion questions.
My personal presidential library full of nearly two thousand volumes—far too many to list. Their authors taught me to read and write. And think.
The staff of the Scotch Plains, New Jersey, library, where I was a fixture for years, scribbling away.
The staff of the Williamsburg, Virginia, library, where I am currently a fixture and plan to continue to be for years to come.
To the editors at Sourcebooks, who have been patient with me and more helpful than they realize.
To Dr. Paul C. Nagel, who encouraged me and helped more than he could ever know.
To Ron Pitkin, who believed in me.
To the memory of Laura G. Haywood, who put me on the path and kept after me.
To my dear friend Barbara Lepis, who instinctively asks the right questions.
And finally, to my husband and daughter, who have been sharing me with a bunch of old gals for a very long time.
1731–1802
FIRST LADY: 1789–97
The Domestic Lady W.
It has been said that the best political decision George Washington ever made was to marry the Widow Custis. He was a Virginia militia colonel seeking a career change. Efforts for a commission in the regular British army had been consistently thwarted. Washington determined to focus his attentions on the estate he had inherited from his half brother, but in order to make his Mount Vernon plantation the envy of Fairfax County, he needed an appropriate consort. And it was time. He was twenty-six.
Martha Dandridge Custis was the daughter of well-to-do
Virginia gentry on a social and economic par with the Washingtons. Her academic education was modest. She could read, write, and do sufficient arithmetic to manage the household accounts. At seventeen, she married into the wealthy Custis family and was widowed at twenty-six, left with two small children (four and two years old), and one huge estate (more than twenty thousand fertile acres, two hundred slaves, and the scarcest commodity among land-poor planters: a substantial amount of cash). Remarriage was her best option, and Martha required a mate with sufficient property of his own, since she was understandably wary of fortune hunters. She also required someone who would be a kind stepfather and honest manager for her children’s sizable inheritance.
Both of them made fortunate choices for a happy and successful marriage.
Martha was the consummate colonial mistress and hostess, reasonably cultured, and superbly skilled at household management. It would fall to her to supervise the numerous slaves and cottage industries that accounted for a successful plantation. She sewed beautifully, danced the minuet gracefully, was said to set the finest table in northern Virginia. Her kitchen and recipe collection was the envy of her neighbors. She boasted a medical box with all the proper herbs and remedies the eighteenth century could provide, and she took pride and pleasure in caring for others.
The Custis wealth helped to assure Washington a seat in the House of Burgesses, a responsibility he accepted with the usual eighteenth-century noblesse oblige. Within ten years
of their marriage, Washington had increased his own holdings to include acreage as far west as the Ohio Valley. Mount Vernon had been renovated and enlarged. Most important, he had established and engaged more than a dozen tenant farmers and craftsmen to provide mills, shipbuilding facilities, a fishing fleet, spinners, and weavers for his ever-growing conglomerate of industries. The Washingtons had become extremely wealthy, thanks to his shrewd business instincts, but they seldom dined alone. Their home was a mecca for friends and neighbors, relations on both sides, and weary travelers. No one was turned away. Their hospitality was known throughout the colony.
Martha’s Legacy
Everything Martha Washington did between 1789 and 1797 set a precedent and
TONE
for future First Ladies determined by her modest gentility and coupled with years of executive skills at plantation-house management. The exquisitely fine line walked between a dreaded monarchy à la England and the rabble of democracy à la France would find no finer example than that of Lady Washington. Her elegance was simple. Her natural friendliness seeped through the prescribed deportment. The tone she set was completely new. And it was decidedly American.
At the onset of the American Revolution, both George and Martha were forty-three, which was considered well into middle age. War in the eighteenth century was primarily a seasonal affair: spring, summer, and fall. In the winter, armies usually went into winter quarters, and Martha Washington would travel from Mount Vernon with her medicine box and knitting needles to meet her husband wherever he was encamped. She had never before ventured beyond Virginia’s borders. The exacting general, who was always hard-pressed to maintain his ragtag army, heartily welcomed Mrs. W. and whatever supplies she could bring, which were a godsend. She immediately took charge of seeing to the general’s personal comfort, supervising the officers’ kitchens, and organizing other officers’ wives to sew, knit, scrape lint for bandages, and make themselves useful. Above all, she had her medicine box for tending the sick and wounded. Come spring, she went home and the war continued.
It would be seven years before Private Citizen and Mrs. Washington could be together again in their beloved Virginia home. Their idyll would not last long. Politics would take center stage in the new nation, and Washington was considered the indispensable man with a new title: president of the United States. There had never been anything like it before.
How would he and Lady Washington behave in this new office? It was virgin territory. Every known political paradigm was based on royalty or quasi royalty, and this had been so for nearly two thousand years. There was no precedent for a republic on the scale of the tiny United States on the vast
continent of America. How would they chart the course for generations to come?
Lady W. (some honorific was needed, and aristocratic titles were verboten) was nearly sixty and not about to change her ways—certainly not willingly. She continued to dress in the same simple fashions she had worn for decades and determined to remain refined and dignified. But she had a serious predicament. Her elevation in social stature as the premier woman in the country precluded her traditional Virginia hospitality. She could not appear aloof and remote, since it would smack of monarchial tendencies. But neither could she be warm and welcoming, as was her nature. It would suggest an unbecoming familiarity for a head of state. After a lifetime of full houses and of exchanging frequent visits with friends and family, the new protocol made her feel isolated. Some middle ground had to be met. But how?
She was happy, of course, to open the presidential home in New York and later in Philadelphia (rented in both cases) for entertaining. Political dinners for President Washington were usually stag affairs. Martha would plan and supervise, but she did not attend. Instead, she instituted regular drawing room levees, inviting carefully selected guests for carefully prepared entertainments, trying to tiptoe that fine line required for a republican court. People were contemptuous of royal trappings, but they definitely wanted some glitz. Martha was decorous but not glitzy. Obviously she could not please everyone. The criticism in society, in the political world, and in the press annoyed her.
Having tirelessly devoted themselves to the welfare of their country, valuing honorable conduct above all else, both Washingtons were notably thin-skinned and sensitive to public reproach for their behavior, which they believed to be estimable at all times. Martha resented being watched by the colonial paparazzi and criticized at every turn. Where did she go? What did she wear? Whom did she speak to? Which carriage did she use? Why did she sit on a slightly raised platform at her receptions? What did all this mean? It rankled her to no end, so she chose to go out as seldom as possible, pining for the time she could return to Mount Vernon and their own vine and fig tree.
It was a difficult line to walk, and both Washingtons were more than happy to finally relinquish the power, the glory, and the comments. For the first time in twenty years, they could sit down to dinner by themselves.
Postscript:
D
ESPITE PETTY COLONIAL-STYLE GOSSIP
, M
ARTHA
W
ASHINGTON HAS GONE DOWN IN HISTORY SIMILARLY TO HER ILLUSTRIOUS HUSBAND: ABOVE REPROACH AND REMEMBERED FOR ESTABLISHING A NEARLY IMPOSSIBLE POSITION
.
