The Extended Phenotype: The Long Reach of the Gene (Popular Science) (64 page)

Guardian, The
(newspaper), 101, 171

haplodiploidy, 74–76

heart, evolution of, 258–259

helpers at the nest, 144, 194

Hemilepistus reamuri
, 150

heterozygous advantage, 52

hierarchy, 82, 112–113, 204, 251

historical constraints, 38

holism, 113

homeotic mutants, 203–204

homosexuality, human, 37–38

honeybees

dance, 31, 43

hygienic behaviour, 25, 230

swarming democracy, 205

honorary diploid, 191–192

hormones, 63, 214–215

horse evolution, 105, 106

house blueprint, 175

hypnosis, 62, 70

idiotype, 166

imaginal disc, 259

immune tolerance, 167

inclusive fitness, 5, 7, 55, 80, 153

facetious definition of, 187

misunderstanding of, 185–186

individuality, 250, 253–254

industrial melanism, 92–93, 161

insect ‘cuckoos’, 70–72

insects

democratic, 205–206

gall, 219

oceanic, 42

instructive origin of adaptation, 168, 173–176

intelligent genes, 188, 190, 192

interactors, 83, 100

intra-selection, 169, 172

intron, 86

Ityraea gregorii
, 243

Ityraea nigrocincta
, 247

i-culture, 109

Jack Sprat principle, 239–240

Japanese macaque, 109

Jesuits, 13

jet engine, 38

journalists, anti-Darwinian, 101–102, 165

jumping genes, 159, 165, 170

junk DNA, 157

just-so story, 36, 42

juvenile hormone, 215

katydids, 48, 121

kin selection, 144, 153, 194

misunderstandings of, 15, 189, 193

kin-group selection, 262

K
-selection, 158

lag load, 35

Lamarckism, 94, 101, 112, 116, 164–177

Larus ridibundus
, 23–24

Lasioglossum zephyrum
, 150

learning, 173

Leucochloridium
, 213, 216, 218

life/dinner principle, 65, 67, 69, 75, 80, 219, 248

lily pad, 256–258

Limnaea peregra
, 228

lineages, 100, 193

Lingula
, 100

linkage disequilibrium, 89

Linum usitissimum
, 247

lion, copulation stamina, 64

lipstick, a super-stimulus, 69

local mate competition, 74

local optima, 40

local vs global rules, 204, 206

lock and key analogy, 173

longevity/fecundity/fidelity, 84, 87

lupins, 243–244, 246, 247

Macaca nemestrina
, 150

Macrotermes
, 203

Magicicada
, 64–65

malevolent environment, 54

mallard, as host, 216–217

mammary glands, 184

manipulation, 55–80

parasitic, 216–220

parental, 56–58, 61, 75, 153, 229

psychological, 64, 69

resistance to, 55, 60

Mars, 162

maternal effects, 228–229

meiosis, paradox of, 160–161

meiotic drive, 133, 135–137, 149, 153

Melampsora lini
, 247

meliorizing, 46

melanism, industrial, 92–93, 161

memes, 87, 109–112, 168

Darwin joke, 180

phenotypic effects, 108, 110

relationship to gene, 108, 111–112

mental ability, genetic variation in, 26

meristem, 256

milk, why don’t males secrete?, 43–44

millers and farmers, 239

mimicry, 40–41, 68–69, 242–246, 247

selfish DNA, 162

mistakes, 53–54

mitochondria, 177

kiss of death, 224

as symbionts, 222–223

model, digger wasp, 124

modifier genes, 35, 134, 137–139, 231

Molothrus ater
, 70

monkeys

Japanese, 109

mistakes by, 54

relative-recognition by, 150

Monomorium santschii
, 70–72

mosquito, yellow-fever, 138, 139

moths

flying into candle flames, 36–37

peppered, 92, 147–148

wing stripes of, 241

mud-daubing wasp, 78–80

Müllerian mimicry, 40–41

muskrat, as host, 217

mutation availability, 42–45

muton, 81, 86

myopia, 239

m-culture, 109

narcotic effect of pheromone, 71

Nasonia vitripennis
, 140–141

Nature
(journal), 156, 158

Necker Cube, 1, 4, 7, 232, 251

nematomorph worms, 216

nervous system

clonal selection applied to, 169–170

as computer, 17–18, 129–130

neuro-economics, 113

neutral mutations, 19, 32

‘nice guys finish last’, 237

nightingale, song, 63

nitrous oxide, atmospheric, 235

Nosema
, 215

Occam’s Razor, 105, 108

oceanic insects, 42

Oecanthus
, 63

opines, 218

opportunity cost, 129

optimizing, 45

optimon, 81, 83, 85, 86, 179

options, closure in evolution, 45

organism parasites, 226

organisms, attributes of, 263

ornament, 31

orthoselection, 104

‘our boys shall not have died in vain’, fallacy, 48

outlaws, 133–155, 224, 253

allelic and laterally spreading, 133, 162

selfish DNA, 163–164

oxygen, atmospheric, 235

Oyarina nigritarsus
, 243

oystercatcher, footprints, 206

Paley’s watch, 108

pangenesis, 167

Pangloss, 50

Paramecium
, 176–177

parasites, 210–227

castration by, 213–216, 225

parental manipulation, 56–58, 61, 75, 153, 229

parliament of genes, 138–139

Partula suturalis
, 228

passwords, 162

peppered moths, 92, 147–148

perfectionism, 50

Peter Pan syndrome, 220

pharmacological manipulation, 71

pheromones, 73, 79, 152, 203–204, 230

Phigalia titea
, 147

philandering, 10

pig-frog, snort, 63

pigs, wings, 42

pit-digging, antlions, 20

pituitary gland, 63

plasmids, 159, 218–219, 226

pleiotropy, 33, 34, 136, 145, 152

pluralism, of Darwin, 19

Poeciliopsis monacha-occidentalis
, 74

poison analogy, 69

police dogs, 146

polymorphism, 122

Polymorphus marilis
, 216–217

Polymorphus paradoxus
, 216–217

Polyxenus
, 31

power, 75–78, 212–213, 247, 264

preadaptation, 153

preening invitation display, 70

preformationism, 174–176

primates, teeth, 33

program, the word, 118

prokaryotic sociobiology, 178

proof-reading, DNA, 162–164

propagule overlap, 221–225

protozoan parasites, 215, 226

proviruses, 166

punctuated equilibria, 101–109

pygmy, 7

quail, kin-recognition in, 150

rabbit, 65, 166–168

rabies, 220

radio howling, 25

ramet, 254

Rana esculenta
, 73–74

Rana grylio
, 63

rare-enemy effect, 65–67, 69–70, 80, 248

reading, gene for, 23

reciprocal altruism, 155

recognition alleles (green-beard), 145

recon, 81, 86

recurrent laryngeal nerve, 39

red deer, 129

reductionism, 89, 113–114, 239

redundancy in sensory systems, 32

reed warbler, 67–68, 227, 233

regicide, 71

replicating absence, 164

replicator, 4, 82–96

active, 83

dead-end, 73, 83, 261

defined, 83

germ-line, 73, 83, 255, 261

passive, 83

reproduction and growth, 255–258

research methodology and replicators, 118

retina installed backwards, 39

reverse optimality, 48

reverse transcription, 166

rhinoceros horns, 41

robots, 14

rowing crew, 239

rust fungus, 247

r-selection, 158

Sacculina
, 214, 220, 226

sand grains, 100–101

satisficing, 45

Science
(journal), 101

sea anemone, fake, 242–243

segregation distorter, 133, 135–137

deleterious effects of, 136–137

selection, unit of, 81, 82, 89

selective neurone death, 170

selecton, 81

selfish cell, 170

selfish centriole, 160

selfish DNA, 83, 155–164, 170, 223, 224

selfish gene, 85, 180

selfish mitochondria, 177, 223–224

selfish nucleotide, 90–92

selfish organism, 5

selfish plasmagene, 177

selfish sperm, 141–143

self-inspection, 145–147, 149–151

senescence, 35

sex chromosomes, driving, 78, 139–141, 143

sex differences, genetic, 11, 13

sex ratio

distorter, 138–139

and endosymbionts, 222

fine adjustment of, 52

in Hymenoptera, 74–80, 135, 152

lack of genetic variation in, 43

mixed ESS and, 123

and model of harmonious cooperation, 242, 246

and Panglossism, 51

sexual battle, 60

shoelaces, gene for tying, 22–23

shrimp, as host, 216–218

single locus models, 21

siphonophore, colonial, 253

Sir Adrian Boult principle, 59

slave ants, 72–74

snail shell

banding pattern on, 31

coiling direction of, 228

as extended phenotype, 210–212, 214, 221–222

optimal thickness, 210–211

snails, as hosts, 210–214, 226

sneeze, 220

snow on boots myth, 9

software explanation, 113, 119

somatic mutation, 166

spacer DNA, 157

Spanish fly, 220

species

as individual, 100

as replicator, 100–101

selection, 87, 101–109

Sphex ichneumoneus
, 43, 48–50, 118, 121–132

spider web, 198–199

Spirometra mansanoides
, 215

spite, 72

split-level evolution, 262

stable equilibrium, 41, 102–103, 244

sterile workers, 83, 85

stick insects (Amer. ‘walking stick’), 97

stigmergie, 204

strategy, 118

conditional, 121, 131

mixed, 121–122

strawberry runners, 259–262

Streptocarpus
, 84

strike, slave ants on, 72–73

subroutines, 122, 129–132

Sunday Times, The
(newspaper), 101, 165, 171

supergenes, 241, 244

supernormal stimulus, 68–69

survival of the fittest, 179–180

suture lines, 34, 37

swallow, and distant extended phenotype, 233–234

sweat bee, 150

Swiss Army Knife, 56

symphylic substances, 71

tadpoles, 150

tapeworm, 215

tautology, 42, 180–183, 193

team of genes, 239

teleonomy, 81, 113, 132

temperature, 98–99

termites, 144, 200–206

tetraploid extended genetics, 202–203

thought experiments, 3–4

black pigment, 196–197

chimpanzee green beard, 154

lily pad, 256–258

lupin, 244

strawberry, 259–262

swallow, 233–234

time as resource, 128–129

time lags, 35, 55

tinkering, 39

tissue parasites, 226

tits, 109

tonic signals, 63

trade union spirit, 221–222

trade-off, 210–211

‘tragedy of the commons’, 237

train velocity analogy, 182

transcription vs translation, 168

transformations, D’Arcy Thompson’s, 2

travel bug, 220

Tribolium
, 215, 220

Trypoxylon politum
, 78–80

unfalsifiability, 35, 42, 74, 172, 180

uniqueness of the individual, 250

unit of selection, 81, 82, 89

use and disuse, 167, 170

uterus, 184

vehicle, 82, 112, 133, 134, 153, 170, 196, 257, 260

defined, 114

group as, 114–115

reproduction of, 114

venereal diseases, 220

viruses, 220, 226

Waddington Effect, 44

‘war of attrition’, 49

wasps

daughterless, 140–141

digger, 43, 48–50, 118, 121–132

mud-daubing, 78–80

Weismannism, 112, 164, 166, 172

whales, 106–107

wings

costly, 42

evolution in bats and birds, 44–45

woodlouse, 150

Wright’s Rule, 104–108

xenophobia, 19

Y-chromosome inertness, 35

yellow-fever mosquito, 138, 139

Zygiella-x-notata
, 198–199