The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970 (127 page)

87.
National Archives of Canada, Dafoe Papers M-73: Dafoe to T. Coté, 6 April 1916.

88.
Ibid
., Dafoe to Coté, 1 January 1916.

89.
B. G. Ferguson
,
Remaking Liberalism: The Intellectual Legacy of Adam Shortt, O. D. Skelton, W. C. Clark and W. A. Mackintosh, 1890–1925
(Montreal and Kingston, 1993), p. 151.

90.
National Archives of Canada, Henri Bourassa Papers M-721 (microfilm): Bourassa to C. H. Cahan, 3 October 1914.

91.
Ibid
., Bourassa to J. S. Ewart, 18 September 1915.

92.
National Archives of Canada, Wilfrid Laurier Papers C-908 (microfilm): Laurier to Senator Dandurand, 17 January 1915.

93.
National Archives of Canada, Bourassa Papers M-721: Bourassa to W. D. Gregory, 24 November 1916.

94.
National Archives of Canada, Clifford Sifton Papers H-1014 (microfilm): Sifton to Senator Bostock, 23 July 1917.

95.
National Archives of Canada, Robert Borden Papers C-412 (microfilm): Meighen to Borden, 17 October 1916.

96.
National Archives of Canada, Laurier Papers C-915 (microfilm): Laurier to Sir C. Russell, 27 December 1917.

97.
National Archives of Canada, Borden Papers C-412: R. N. Gosnell to Borden, 20 December 1917.

98.
National Archives of Canada, Laurier Papers C-915: Skelton to Laurier, 18 December 1917.

99.
E. M. Andrews
,
The Anzac Illusion
(Cambridge, 1993), p. 11: 146,602 in 1913.

100.
R. Evans
,
Loyalty and Disloyalty: Social Conflict on the Queensland Home Front, 1914–1918
(Sydney, 1987), p. 7.

101.
Andrews,
Anzac Illusion
, pp. 28, 41.

102.
J. McQuilton
,
Rural Australia and the Great War
(Melbourne, 2001), p. 19.

103.
Ibid
., p. 42.

104.
The figures were 1,160,033 to 1,087,557.

105.
1,181,747 to 1,015,159.

106.
D. Day
,
John Curtin: A Life
(Sydney, 1999), p. 229.

107.
Evans,
Loyalty
, p. 9.

108.
Ibid
., p. 96.

109.
Day,
Curtin
, p. 243.

110.
Evans,
Loyalty
, p. 100.

111.
S. Alomes
,
A Nation at Last?
(North Ryde, NSW, 1988), pp. 67–8.

112.
On 25 September 1914. New Zealand National Archives, Acc. 556, Sir James Allen Papers, Box 12.

113.
Ibid
., Allen to T. Todd, 16 April 1915.

114.
For Allen's speech in the New Zealand parliament,
The Dominion
, 9 August 1916, Allen Papers, Box 4.

115.
James Belich,
Paradise Reforged
(2002), p. 111.

116.
A. B. Keith,
War Government in the British Dominions
(1921), p. 97.

117.
New Zealand National Archives, Allen Papers, Box 9: Allen to Massey, 8 November 1916.

118.
University of Cape Town, Jagger Library, Patrick Duncan Papers, D.5.8: Duncan to Lady Selborne, 20 August 1914.

119.
Ibid
., D.5.9: Duncan to Lady Selborne, 20 January 1915.

120.
Ibid
., Duncan to Lady Selborne, 27 January 1915.

121.
Ibid
., Duncan to Lady Selborne, 2 April 1915.

122.
Ibid
., D.1.34: Sir Thomas Smartt to Duncan, 28 August 1915.

123.
I. S. Uys
, ‘South Africans at Delville Wood’,
South African Military History Journal
,
7
, 2 (1986), 45–58; Keith,
War Government
, p. 107.

124.
University of Cape Town, Jagger Library, Patrick Duncan Papers, A.1.2: Duncan to J. H. Hofmeyr, 10 March 1919.

125.
M. Hasan
(ed.),
Mohamed Ali in Indian Politics: Selected Writings
(New Delhi, 1987), vol.
II
, p. 115.

126.
BLIOC, Chelmsford Coll., Mss Eur. E 264/2: Viceroy to Secretary of State for India, 27 May 1916.

127.
Chelmsford Coll., Mss Eur. E 264/8: Viceroy to Secretary of State for India, 18 May 1917.

128.
Madden and Darwin,
Select Documents
, vol. VI, pp. 678–9.

129.
See clauses 12d and 16 of the Congress–League scheme, printed in L. Curtis,
Letters to the People of India on Responsible Government
(1918), appendix.

130.
Trinity College, Cambridge, Edwin Montagu Papers: Montagu to Lloyd George, 27 June 1917.

131.
E. S. Montagu,
An Indian Diary
(1930), p. 216.

132.
Ibid
., p. 216.

133.
Curtis,
Letters
, pp. 70–4.

134.
Montagu,
Indian Diary
, p. 358: this was (Sir) William Marris, later governor of the United Provinces.

135.
Report of the Indian National Congress Special Session
, 29 August–1 September 1918.

136.
Ibid
., p. 103: this was B. C. Pal of Bengal.

137.
Montagu Papers: Montagu to Chelmsford, 27 April 1918.

138.
Montagu Papers: Notes prepared on the Rowlatt Act, n.d.

139.
Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi
, vol. XIV, pp. 486–7: Gandhi to S. Sastri, 18 July 1918.

140.
Recruiting Appeal, 22 June 1918, in
M. Desai
,
Day to Day with Gandhi
, vol 1, November 1917 to March 1919 (Eng. trans., Benares, 1968). Desai was Gandhi's personal secretary.

141.
F. Robinson
,
Separatism among Indian Muslims
(Cambridge, 1974), p. 289.

142.
Montagu Papers: draft, Montagu to Lloyd George, 27 June 1917.

143.
W. E. Vaughan
(ed.),
The New History of Ireland
, vol. VI,
Ireland under the Union
, Part 2 (Oxford, 1996), p. 218.

144.
Hansard
, HC Debs., 5s, 91, col. 446, 7 March 1917.

145.
Ibid
., col. 477, 7 March 1917.

146.
See R. B. McDowell,
The Irish Convention 1917–18
(1970).

147.
Vaughan (ed.),
New History of Ireland
, vol. VI, Part 2, p. 607.

148.
See E. O’Malley,
On Another Man's Wound
[1936] (paperback edn, 1979), ch. 6.

149.
I. Bowman,
The New World: Problems in Political Geography
(1921).

Chapter 9

1.
M. G. Fry
,
Illusions of Security: North Atlantic Diplomacy 1918–1922
(Toronto, 1972), pp. 6ff.

2.
For Smuts' urging along these lines, see his speech, ‘The Commonwealth Conception’, 15 May 1917, reprinted in J. C. Smuts,
Plans for a Better World
(1942), p. 42.

3.
Fry,
Illusions
, pp. 8–9.

4.
H.
and
M. Sprout
,
Towards a New Order of Sea Power
(2nd edn, Princeton, 1946,) p. 285.

5.
Foreign Office memorandum on the Neutralisation of the Rhineland, 7 April 1923, in W. N. Medlicott, D. Dakin and M. E. Lambert (eds.),
Documents on British Foreign Policy
, 1st series, vol. XXI (1978) p. 195.

6.
House of Lords Record Office, Bonar Law Papers 111/12/40, Bonar Law to Curzon, 7 December 1922.

7.
BLIOC, Curzon Papers, Mss Eur. F112/286, R. McNeill to Curzon, 28 January 1923.

8.
The Anglo-American agreement was eventually signed on 18 June 1923. See
A. Orde
,
British Policy and European Reconstruction after the First World War
(Cambridge, 1990), pp. 233–7.

9.
Memo by Austen Chamberlain, 4 January 1925.
Documents on British Foreign Policy
, 1st series, vol.XXVII (1986), p. 256.

10.
Note by Hankey, 23 January 1925,
Documents on British Foreign Policy
, 1st series, vol. XXVII (1986), pp. 286–7.

11.
Memo by H. Nicolson, 20 February 1925, circulated to Cabinet.
Documents on British Foreign Policy
, 1st series, vol. XXVII (1986), p. 316.

12.
P. Towle, ‘British Security and Disarmament Policy in Europe in the 1920s’, in R. Ahmann, A. Birke and M. Howard (eds.),
The Quest for Stability
(1993), pp. 129–30.

13.
Note by Chamberlain, 12 October 1925,
Documents on British Foreign Policy
, 1st series, vol. XXVII, p. 866.

14.
I. Bowman,
The New World
(4th edn, New York, 1928), p. 745. Bowman played a leading part in founding the Council on Foreign Relations. For his career, see
N. Smith
,
American Empire: Roosevelt's Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization
(Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2003).

15.
Sprout and Sprout,
Sea Power
, p. 106.

16.
Fry,
Illusions
, pp. 41–4.

17.
Ibid
., pp. 50–61.

18.
On 11 December 1919. Sprout and Sprout,
Sea Power
, p. 112.

19.
See
W. R. Louis
,
British Strategy in the Far East 1918–1939
(Oxford, 1971), pp. 19–39; Memo by Sir B. Alston, 1 August 1920, in R. Butler, J. P. T. Bury and M. E. Lambert (eds.),
Documents on British Foreign Policy
, 1st series, vol. XIV (1966), pp. 83–5.

20.
M. A. Barnhart,
Japan and the World since 1868
(1995), pp. 67–79.

21.
Winston Churchill to Baldwin, 15 December 1924, in M. Gilbert (ed.),
Winston S. Churchill Companion
, vol. V, Part 1,
The Exchequer Years 1922–1939
(1979), p. 305.

22.
See H. R. C. Greaves,
The League Committees and World Order
(1931).

23.
For this consensus, see
R. S. Sayers
,
The Bank of England 1891–1944
(Cambridge, 1976), vol.
I
, p. 111.

24.
D. Kynaston,
The City of London
, 5 vols. (1994–2001), vol. III,
Illusions of Gold 1914–1945
, p. 115.

25.
W. Schlote
,
British Overseas Trade from 1700 to the 1930s
(Oxford, 1952), p. 151. All in 1913 prices.

26.
Ibid
., 1939 = 100.

27.
See Mitchell,
Abstract
, pp. 334–5.

28.
D. Hope,
A New History of British Shipping
(1990), p. 366.

29.
Ibid
., p. 368.

30.
Ibid
., p. 358.