The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970 (115 page)

124.
From under £4 million to £58 million. Mitchell,
Abstract
, pp. 333–4.

125.
J. A. Froude, ‘England and Her Colonies’,
Fraser's Magazine
, January 1870, p. 16.

126.
Goldwin Smith
,
The Empire
(1863).

127.
PP 1866 (3683) XXX,
Royal Commission into the Origins, Nature and Circumstances of the Disturbances in…Jamaica: Report
, p. 41.

128.
R. Cobden
, ‘How Wars Are Got up in India’, in
Political Writings of Richard Cobden
, 2 vols. (1868), vol. 2, pp. 105ff.

129.
Bodl. Mss Clarendon dep.c 85: Bowring to Clarendon, 18 January, 10 March, 9 April 1858.

130.
H. T. Manning
,
British Colonial Government after the American Revolution 1782–1820
(New Haven, CT, 1933), p. 361.

131.
J. S. Mill
,
Representative Government
(1861), ch. 18.

132.
For a detailed reconstruction of British attitudes, focused on Birmingham, the Baptists and
Jamaica, C. Hall
,
Civilising Subjects: Metropole and Colony in the British Imagination 1830–1867
(2002), Part Two.

133.
Parl. Deb.
, Third Series, vol. 190, col. 394 (28 November 1867).

134.
PP 1872 (C.493) XXXVII.383.
Memorandum by Commander-in-Chief on the Secretary of State's Proposals for Organization of Military Land Forces
, p. 7.

135.
See
C. Jones
, ‘Business Imperialism and Argentina 1875–1900: A Theoretical Note’,
Journal of Latin American Studies
,
12
, 2 (1980), 437–44.

Chapter 2

1.
A. J. H. Latham
and
L. Neal
, ‘The International Market in Wheat and Rice, 1868–1914’,
Economic History Review
, New Series, 36,
2
(1983), 260–75.

2.
BLIOC, Curzon Papers, Mss Eur. F 111, Lord George Hamilton to Curzon (India), 2 November 1899.

3.
M. Swartz
,
The Politics of British Foreign Policy in the Age of Disraeli and Gladstone
(1985), p. 13.

4.
C. H. Pearson
,
National Life and Character
(1893);
B. Kidd
,
Social Evolution
(1894);
A. Mahan
,
The Problem of the Pacific
(1900);
J. Bryce
,
The Relations between the Advanced and Backward Peoples
(Oxford, 1902);
H. Mackinder
, ‘The Geographical Pivot of History’,
Geographical Journal
,
23
, 4 (1904), 421–37.

5.
Sandford Fleming, quoting Parkin at the Colonial Conference, held in Ottawa in 1894.
Proceedings of the Colonial Conference
(Ottawa, 1894), p. 89.

6.
Mackinder, ‘Geographical Pivot’, p. 422.

7.
Kidd,
Social Evolution
, p. 339.

8.
Pearson,
National Life
, p. 13. For Pearson's career, see
J. Tregenza
,
Professor of Democracy: The Life of C. H. Pearson
(Melbourne, 1968).

9.
Pearson,
National Life
, pp. 84–5.

10.
Kidd,
Social Evolution
, p. 50.

11.
J. Bryce
, ‘The Roman Empire and the British Empire in India’, in
Studies in History and Jurisprudence
(Oxford, 1901), pp. 1–2.

12.
Ibid
., pp. 6–7.

13.
Ibid
., p. 36.

14.
See
A. Lyall
, ‘The Religious Situation in India’,
Asiatic Studies
1
(1899), 320–3.

15.
See
T. Raychaudhuri
,
Europe Reconsidered: Perceptions of the West in Nineteenth-Century Bengal
(Oxford, 1989).

16.
S. Teng
and
J. K. Fairbank
(eds.),
China's Response to the West
(Cambridge, MA, 1979), p. 152.

17.
E. W. Blyden
,
Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race
(1887), pp. 20, 65, 387.

18.
See
A. Hourani
,
Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1798–1939
(1962).

19.
The classic study is
B. H. Sumner
,
Russia and the Balkans 1870–1880
(Oxford. 1937).

20.
For this estimate, see
R. W. Seton-Watson
,
Disraeli, Gladstone and the Eastern Question
(1935), pp. 560–1.

21.
See Swartz,
The Politics of British Foreign Policy
, p. 101.

22.
G. Waterfield
,
Layard of Nineveh
(1963), p. 442: Salisbury to Layard, April 1880.

23.
See
A. Schölch
,
‘Egypt for the Egyptians’: The Socio-Political Crisis in Egypt 1879–1882
(1981).

24.
See
J. R. I. Cole
,
Colonialism and Revolution in the Middle East: The Social and Cultural Origins of the ‘Urabi Movement’
(Princeton, 1993).

25.
See
Baron Meyendorff
(ed.),
Correspondance diplomatique de M. de Staal 1884–1900
(Paris, 1929), vol.
1
, p. 30: Instruction to De Staal (Russian ambassador in London), 8 June 1884.

26.
See
D. A. Farnie
,
East and West of Suez: the Suez Canal in History
(Oxford, 1969), esp. p. 294; and
A. G. Hopkins’
scintillating critique in ‘The Victorians and Africa: A Reconsideration of the Occupation of Egypt, 1882’,
Journal of African History
,
27
, 2 (1986) 363–91.

27.
Robinson and Gallagher,
Africa and the Victorians
, p. 111.

28.
For Egyptian hostility towards Europeans in these two towns in the 1870s, see Cole,
Colonialism and Revolution
, p. 203.

29.
H. C. G. Matthew
,
The Gladstone Diaries (1881–1883)
, vol.
X
(Oxford, 1990), p. 327: Gladstone to Ripon (India), 6 September 1882.

30.
B. Holland
,
The Life of Spencer Compton Eighth Duke of Devonshire
(1911), vol I, p. 295.

31.
Seton-Watson,
Eastern Question
, p. 236: Disraeli to the Queen, 3 November 1877.

32.
See Farnie,
East and West of Suez
, ch. 14.

33.
Ibid
., ch. 12.

34.
Ibid
., p. 265.

35.
The classic account is
P. M. Holt
,
The Mahdist State in the Sudan 1881–1898
(Oxford, 1958).

36.
See
R. C. Mowat
, ‘From Liberalism to Imperialism: The Case of Egypt, 1875–1887’,
Historical Journal
,
16
, 1 (1973), 109–24.

37.
P. G. Halpern
,
The Mediterranean Naval Situation 1908–1914
(Cambridge, MA, 1971), p. 2.

38.
For the diplomacy of the Berlin conference, see
S. Forster
,
W. Mommsen
and
R. E. Robinson
,
Bismarck, Europe and Africa
(Oxford, 1988).

39.
For Cromer's ‘reign’ in Egypt, see
R. Owen
,
Lord Cromer
(Oxford, 2004);
R. L. Tignor
,
Britain and the Modernization of Egypt 1882–1914
(Princeton, 1966);
A. Milner
,
England and Egypt
(1892); and his own magnificent two-volume apologia,
Modern Egypt
(1908).

40.
Essays by the Late Marquess of Salisbury
(1905), p. 55 (originally published in 1862).

41.
Swartz,
British Foreign Policy
, p. 25.

42.
Essays
, p. 12

43.
Ibid
., p. 53.

44.
The best recent analysis of Salisbury's foreign policy can be found in
E. D. Steele
,
Lord Salisbury: A Political Biography
(1999).

45.
For the pattern of French conquest, see
A. S. Kanya-Forstner
,
The Conquest of the Western Sudan
(Cambridge, 1969);
M. Klein
,
Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa
(Cambridge, 1998).

46.
Quoted by D. Gillard, ‘Salisbury’, in Wilson,
Foreign Secretaries
, p. 122.

47.
E. T. S. Dugdale
(ed.),
German Diplomatic Documents 1871–1914
(1929), vol. II, pp. 403–4: Hatzfeldt to Holstein, 21 January 1896.

48.
See
J. A. S. Grenville
,
Lord Salisbury and Foreign Policy
(1964), ch. 6.

49.
See
G. N. Curzon
,
Problems of the Far East
(1894).

50.
Lo Hui-min
(ed.),
The Correspondence of G. E. Morrison
,
2
vols. (Cambridge, 1976), vol. I, pp. 35, 40: Chirol to Morrison, 26 May, 11 August 1898.

51.
L. K. Young
,
British Policy in China 1895–1902
(Oxford, 1970), p. 70.

52.
Ibid
., pp. 92ff.: Salisbury to MacDonald, 23 May 1900. See also
T. G. Otte
, ‘The Boxer Uprising and British Foreign Policy: The End of Isolation’, in R. Bickers and R. G. Tiedemann (eds.),
The Boxers, China and the World
(2007), pp. 157–77; and his longer study,
The China Question: Great Power Rivalry and British Isolation
(Oxford, 2007).

53.
Anon.,
Blackwood's Magazine
, 168 (December 1900).

54.
See
R. Kubicek
,
The Administration of Imperialism
(Durham, NC, 1969).

55.
See
R. J. Blyth
,
The Empire of the Raj: India, Eastern Africa and the Middle East, 1858–1947
(2003).

56.
A. P. Kaminsky
,
The India Office 1880–1910
(Westport, CT, 1986), p. 107.

57.
For the debate on this question, see
J. MacKenzie
(ed.),
Imperialism and Popular Culture
(Manchester, 1983);
B. Porter
,
The Absent-Minded Imperialists: What the British Really Thought About Empire
(Oxford, 2004);
A. Thompson
,
The Empire Strikes Back
(2006).

58.
Its classic expression is in
R. Robinson
and
J. Gallagher
,
Africa and the Victorians: The Official Mind of Imperialism
(1961).

59.
For some discussion of the debate, see
J. Darwin
, ‘Imperialism and the Victorians’,
English Historical Review
,
112
, 447 (1997), 614–42.

60.
See
P. Cain
and
A. G. Hopkins
,
British Imperialism
(2nd edn, 2000).

61.
Lugard to his brother, 29 August 1895, in
M. Perham
,
Lugard: The Years of Adventure 1858–1898
(1956), p. 555.