The Elements of Computing Systems: Building a Modern Computer from First Principles (27 page)
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Authors: Noam Nisan,Shimon Schocken
BOOK: The Elements of Computing Systems: Building a Modern Computer from First Principles
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Figure 7.11
VM-based object manipulation using the pointer and this segments.
VM-based object manipulation using the pointer and this segments.
It follows that the VM designer can principally let programmers implement the VM on target platforms in any way they see fit. However, it is usually recommended that some guidelines be provided as to how the VM should map on the target platform, rather than leaving these decisions completely to the implementer’s discretion. These guidelines, called standard mapping, are provided for two reasons. First, they entail a public contract that regulates how VM-based programs can interact with programs produced by compilers that don’t use this VM (e.g., compilers that produce binary code directly). Second, we wish to allow the developers of the VM implementation to run standardized tests, namely, tests that conform to the standard mapping. This way, the tests and the software can be written by different people, which is always recommended. With that in mind, the remainder of this section specifies the standard mapping of the VM on a familiar hardware platform: the Hack computer.
VM to Hack Translation
Recall that a VM program is a collection of one or more .vm files, each containing one or more VM functions, each being a sequence of VM commands. The VM translator takes a collection of .vm files as input and produces a single Hack assembly language .asm file as output (see figure 7.7). Each VM command is translated by the VM translator into Hack assembly code. The order of the functions within the .vm files does not matter.
Recall that a VM program is a collection of one or more .vm files, each containing one or more VM functions, each being a sequence of VM commands. The VM translator takes a collection of .vm files as input and produces a single Hack assembly language .asm file as output (see figure 7.7). Each VM command is translated by the VM translator into Hack assembly code. The order of the functions within the .vm files does not matter.
RAM Usage
The data memory of the Hack computer consists of 32K 16-bit words. The first 16K serve as general-purpose RAM. The next 16K contain memory maps of I/O devices. The VM implementation should use this space as follows:
The data memory of the Hack computer consists of 32K 16-bit words. The first 16K serve as general-purpose RAM. The next 16K contain memory maps of I/O devices. The VM implementation should use this space as follows:
Recall that according to the Hack Machine Language Specification, RAM addresses 0 to 15 can be referred to by any assembly program using the symbols R0 to R15, respectively. In addition, the specification states that assembly programs can refer to RAM addresses 0 to 4 (i.e., R0 to R4) using the symbols SP, LCL, ARG, THIS, and THAT. This convention was introduced into the assembly language with foresight, in order to promote readable VM implementations. The expected use of these registers in the VM context is described as follows:
Memory Segments Mapping
local, argument, this, that: Each one of these segments is mapped directly on the RAM, and its location is maintained by keeping its physical base address in a dedicated register (LCL, ARG, THIS, and THAT, respectively). Thus any access to the
i
th entry of any one of these segments should be translated to assembly code that accesses address (
base
+ i) in the RAM, where base is the current value stored in the register dedicated to the respective segment.
i
th entry of any one of these segments should be translated to assembly code that accesses address (
base
+ i) in the RAM, where base is the current value stored in the register dedicated to the respective segment.
pointer, temp: These segments are each mapped directly onto a fixed area in the RAM. The pointer segment is mapped on RAM locations 3-4 (also called THIS and THAT) and the temp segment on locations 5-12 (also called R5, R6,..., R12). Thus access to pointer i should be translated to assembly code that accesses RAM location 3 +
i
, and access to temp i should be translated to assembly code that accesses RAM location 5 + i.
i
, and access to temp i should be translated to assembly code that accesses RAM location 5 + i.
constant: This segment is truly virtual, as it does not occupy any physical space on the target architecture. Instead, the VM implementation handles any VM access to 〈
constant i
〉 by simply supplying the constant i.
constant i
〉 by simply supplying the constant i.
static: According to the Hack machine language specification, when a new symbol is encountered for the first time in an assembly program, the assembler allocates a new RAM address to it, starting at address 16. This convention can be exploited to represent each static variable number j in a VM file f as the assembly language symbol f.j. For example, suppose that the file Xxx.vm contains the command push static 3. This command can be translated to the Hack assembly [email protected] and D=M, followed by additional assembly code that pushes D’s value to the stack. This implementation of the static segment is somewhat tricky, but it works.
Assembly Language Symbols
We recap all the assembly language symbols used by VM implementations that conform to the standard mapping.
We recap all the assembly language symbols used by VM implementations that conform to the standard mapping.
The VM translator should accept a single command line parameter, as follows:
prompt> VMtranslator source
Where
source
is either a file name of the form Xxx.vm (the extension is mandatory) or a directory name containing one or more .vm files (in which case there is no extension). The result of the translation is always a single assembly language file named Xxx.asm, created in the same directory as the input Xxx. The translated code must conform to the standard VM mapping on the Hack platform.
7.3.3 Program Structuresource
is either a file name of the form Xxx.vm (the extension is mandatory) or a directory name containing one or more .vm files (in which case there is no extension). The result of the translation is always a single assembly language file named Xxx.asm, created in the same directory as the input Xxx. The translated code must conform to the standard VM mapping on the Hack platform.
We propose implementing the VM translator using a main program and two modules: parser and
code writer.
code writer.
The
Parser
Module
Parser
Module
Parser:
Handles the parsing of a single .vm file, and encapsulates access to the input code. It reads VM commands, parses them, and provides convenient access to their components. In addition, it removes all white space and comments.
Handles the parsing of a single .vm file, and encapsulates access to the input code. It reads VM commands, parses them, and provides convenient access to their components. In addition, it removes all white space and comments.
The
Code Writer
Module
Code Writer
Module
CodeWriter:
Translates VM commands into Hack assembly code.
Translates VM commands into Hack assembly code.
Main Program
The main program should construct a Parser to parse the VM input file and a CodeWriter to generate code into the corresponding output file. It should then march through the VM commands in the input file and generate assembly code for each one of them.
The main program should construct a Parser to parse the VM input file and a CodeWriter to generate code into the corresponding output file. It should then march through the VM commands in the input file and generate assembly code for each one of them.
If the program’s argument is a directory name rather than a file name, the main program should process all the .vm files in this directory. In doing so, it should use a separate Parser for handling each input file and a single CodeWriter for handling the output.
7.4 PerspectiveIn this chapter we began the process of developing a compiler for a high-level language. Following modern software engineering practices, we have chosen to base the compiler on a two-tier compilation model. In the frontend tier, covered in chapters 10 and 11, the high-level code is translated into an intermediate code, running on a virtual machine. In the backend tier, covered in this and in the next chapter, the intermediate code is translated into the machine language of a target hardware platform (see figures 7.1 and 7.9).
The idea of formulating the intermediate code as the explicit language of a virtual machine goes back to the late 1970s, when it was used by several popular Pascal compilers. These compilers generated an intermediate “p-code” that could execute on any computer that implemented it. Following the wide spread use of the World Wide Web in the mid-1990s, cross-platform compatibility became a universally vexing issue. In order to address the problem, the Sun Microsystems company sought to develop a new programming language that could potentially run on any computer and digital device connected to the Internet. The language that emerged from this initiative—
Java
—is also founded on an intermediate code execution model called the Java Virtual Machine, on JVM.
Java
—is also founded on an intermediate code execution model called the Java Virtual Machine, on JVM.
The JVM is a specification that describes an intermediate language called
byte-code
—the target language of Java compilers. Files written in bytecode are then used for dynamic code distribution of Java programs over the Internet, most notably as applets embedded in web pages. Of course in order to execute these programs, the client computers must be equipped with suitable JVM implementations. These programs, also called Java Run-time Environments (JREs), are widely available for numerous processor/OS combinations, including game consoles and cell phones.
byte-code
—the target language of Java compilers. Files written in bytecode are then used for dynamic code distribution of Java programs over the Internet, most notably as applets embedded in web pages. Of course in order to execute these programs, the client computers must be equipped with suitable JVM implementations. These programs, also called Java Run-time Environments (JREs), are widely available for numerous processor/OS combinations, including game consoles and cell phones.
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