The Duel (52 page)

*
For an account of my own involvement during an early stage of the new party’s manifesto and relations with Bhutto, see
Clash of Fundamentalisms: Crusades, Jihads and Modernity
(London and New York: 2003), 240–44.

*
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto,
If I Am Assassinated
(New Delhi: 1979).

^†
Karl von Vorys,
Political Development in Pakistan
(Princeton: 1965).

*
See C. H. Phillips, ed.,
Select Documents on the History of India and Pakistan
(London: 1962), 4: 518–20.

*
A. A. K. Niazi,
The Betrayal of East Pakistan
(Karachi: 1999). What this and other self-serving memoirs of the period reveal is that most of the Pakistani generals involved in this tragedy have learned nothing and forgotten nothing. All they can contemplate is their own navels. Everyone else is to blame but them. There were no war crimes, no massacres. If anything, the military and its Bengali Razakar units (collaborators) were the victims.

*
Le Monde
(Paris), March 31, 1971. The interview had been conducted some weeks earlier by an Agence France-Presse correspondent.

*
“Pakistan: After the December Elections, What Next?”
Red Mole,
January 1, 1971, 10.

*
The Nuremberg Principles, as formulated by the International Law Commission, left no room for doubt. They defined war crimes as:

Violations of the laws or customs of war which include, but are not limited to, murder, ill-treatment or deportation to slave-labor or for any other purpose of civilian population of or in occupied territory, murder or ill-treatment of prisoners of war, or persons on the seas, killing of hostages, plunder of public or private property, wanton destruction of cities, towns, or villages, or devastation not justified by military necessity.

Crimes against humanity were:

Murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation and other inhuman acts done against any civilian population, or persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds, when such acts are done or such persecutions are carried on in execution of or in connection with any crime against peace or any war crime.

*
Memoirs of Gul Hassan Khan
(Karachi: 1993).

*
“Bengal Is the Spark,” editorial,
New York Times,
June 2, 1971.

*
Phillips Talbot, “The Subcontinent: Ménage à Trois,”
Foreign Affairs
50, no. 4 (July 1972), 698–710.

*
Major General A. O. Mitha,
Unlikely Beginnings: A Soldier’s Life
(Karachi: 2003).

^†
Memoirs of Lt. Gen. Gul Hassan Khan
(Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1993).

*
See Tariq Ali,
Can Pakistan Survive?
(London: 1983), pp. 102–4, for a more detailed critique.

*
A small group of middle-class Punjabi socialists defended the honor of their province by joining the Baluch resistance. One of them, Johnny Das, the son of a senior air force officer of Hindu origin, was captured, tortured, and killed. The others survived. They included the brothers Asad and Rashid Rehman (the former was the legendary guerrilla leader Chakar Khan), Najam Sethi (currently editor of the
Daily Times
), and the journalist Ahmed Rashid. This was undoubtedly their finest hour.

*
Business Recorder,
January 29, 2008.

*
Adrian Levy and Catherine Scott-Clark,
Deception
(London: 2008). This is the most complete and best-researched account to date of how Pakistan became a nuclear power.

*
“Oral History Interview with Henry Byroade,” 1988, Truman Library archives.

*
Ramsey Clark, “The Trial of Ali Bhutto and the Future of Pakistan,”
Nation,
August 19–26, 1978.

*
Ali,
Can Pakistan Survive?

*
Francis Fukuyama, “The Security of Pakistan: A Trip Report,” September 1980, Rand, Santa Monica.

*
One of the banks through which the heroin mafia laundered money was the BCCI (Bank of Credit and Commerce International), now defunct.

*
Mohammed Yousaf and Mark Adkin,
The Bear Trap: Afghanistan’s Untold Story
(Lahore: 2003). Should be a recommended read for all NATO personnel in Afghanistan. Exactly the same tactics are being used against them.

^†
Joe Stephens and David B. Ottaway, “The ABCs of Jihad in Afghanistan,”
Washington Post,
March 23, 2002.

*
Ahmad Rashid, “Accept Defeat by Taliban, Pakistan Tells NATO,”
Daily Telegraph,
November 30, 2006. Rashid writes, “To progress in Riga, Nato will have to enlist US support to call Pakistan’s bluff, put pressure on Islamabad to hand over the Taliban leadership and put more troops in to fight the insurgency while persuading Mr Karzai to become more pro-active.”

*
Barbara Crossette, “Who Killed Zia?”
World Policy Journal,
Fall 2005.

*
Quoted in the
Economist,
December 12, 1981. When in 1970 I first made this comparison in the very first sentence of
Pakistan: Military Rule or People’s Power?
there was outrage, especially among right-wing Pakistanis. A decade later the analogy had become halal, or kosher.

*
“Get America Out of the Way and We’ll Be OK,” interview with Harinder Baweja,
Tehelka Magazine,
February 2, 2008.

*
A fascinating account of this episode and numerous others in Pakistan’s military history is contained in Shuja Nawaz,
Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within
(Karachi: 2008).

*
Pervez Musharraf’s
In the Line of Fire
(New York and London: 2005) gives the official version of what has been happening in Pakistan over the last six years. Whereas Altaf Gauhar injected nonsense of every sort into Ayub’s memoirs, his son Humayun Gauhar, who worked with Musharraf on this book, has avoided the more obvious pitfalls. The general’s raffish lifestyle is underplayed, but enough is in the book to suggest that he is not too easily swayed by religious or social obligations.

*
New York Times,
August 4, 2007.

*
Mariane Pearl,
A Mighty Heart: The Brave Life and Death of My Husband
(New York and London: 2004), subsequently a Hollywood movie.

*
To her credit, Bhutto generously acknowledged the help she had received from Husain Haqqani, a former Jamaat-e-Islami militant and Zia sympathizer who later became attached to the PPP and was Pakistan’s ambassador to Sri Lanka, a post from which he was removed following a security breach. He subsequently obtained an academic post in the United States, acting simultaneously as an adviser to first Benazir and more recently Zardari. Haqqani’s interests and those of the United States have always coincided, which is why, one assumes, he has been appointed the new Pakistani ambassador to the United States.

*
In 1968, when a right-wing, pro-military rag in Lahore published an attack on me, it revealed that I “had attended sex orgies in a French country house organised by [my] friend, the Jew Cohn-Bendit. All the fifty women in the swimming-pool were Jewish.” Alas, this was totally false, but my parents were amazed at the number of people who congratulated them on my virility.

*
London Review of Books,
April 15, 1999.

*
John F. Burns, “House of Graft: Tracing the Bhutto Millions . . . A Special Report,”
New York Times,
January 9, 1998.

*
Interview with
Newsweek,
January 12, 2008.

*
Colonel H. C. Wylly,
From the Black Mountain to Waziristan
(London: 1912).

^†
Ibid.

*
Clash of Fundamentalisms: Crusades, Jihads and Modernity
(London and New York: 2002), chapter 18, “The Story of Kashmir.”

*
These newspapers were part of the Progressive Papers Ltd chain, which included an Urdu political-cultural weekly,
Lail-o-Nahar
(Day and Night). Set up in Lahore with Jinnah’s support in 1946, the newspapers were, in fact, owned and edited by left-wing intellectuals, some of them sympathetic to or members of the tiny Pakistan Communist Party. They included the poet Faiz Ahmed Faiz, literary critics Sibte Hasan and Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi. My father, Mazhar Ali Khan, was the editor of the
Pakistan Times
. I recently found a letter in his archives from the U.S. ambassador disinviting him from dinner because of a “hostile” editorial on the United States. The entire chain, a permanent irritation to every regime, was taken over by the military dictatorship of Ayub Khan in April 1959.

*
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto,
Pakistan and Alliances
(Lahore: 1972).

*
Also present were Mustafa Khar and Mumtaz Bhutto, staunch members of the PPP. Our conversation rapidly changed course when General Yahya’s son was announced. I had just written a savage “Letter from Pakistan” for the satirical magazine
Private Eye
in which I had denounced the son as well as the father. On seeing me, Yahya junior turned to Bhutto and asked, “Sir, who do you think writes these lies about my family in
Private Eye
?” Bhutto responded with a twinkle in his eye, “Ask Tariq. He lives there.” Yahya junior looked at me. “I have no idea” was my response, “but I suspect it’s their editor, Richard Ingrams, who knows a lot about this world.” There was much merriment after Yahya junior departed. That this surreal conversation took place at all surprises me more now than it did at the time.

*
The book was
The Nehrus and the Gandhis: An Indian Dynasty,
the latest edition of which was published in 2005.

*
Shireen M. Mazari, “US Yearns for Pak Capitulation,”
News
(Islamabad), March 8, 2008.

*
Visiting Madrid, after Zapatero’s election triumph of March 2008, I was informed by a senior government official that they had considered a total withdrawal from Afghanistan a few months before the elections but had been outmaneuvered by a U.S. promise to Spain that the head of its military was being proposed for commander of the NATO forces and a withdrawal from Kabul would disrupt this possibility. Spain drew back only to discover that they had been tricked.

*
“C.I.A. Review Highlights Afghan Leader’s Woes,”
New York Times,
November 5, 2006.

^†
See inter alia “The Good War, Still to Be Won,”
New York Times,
August 20, 2007; “Gates, Truth and Afghanistan,”
New York Times,
February 12, 2008; Francis Fukuyama, ed.,
Nation-Building: Beyond Afghanistan and Iraq
(Baltimore: 2006); and successive International Crisis Group reports.

^‡
New York Times,
November 5, 2006.

*
“Into Pakistan’s Maelstrom,”
Guardian,
October 10, 2001.

*
Greg Flakus, “Afghan Soldiers Train at U.S. Army Base,” Voice of America, March 25, 2008.

*
Susanne Koelbl, “The Wild East,”
Der Spiegel,
September 29, 2006.

*
S. Frederick Starr, “Sovereignty and Legitimacy in Afghan Nation-Building,” in Francis Fukuyama, ed.,
Nation-Building: Beyond Afghanistan and Iraq
(Baltimore: 2006).

*
Barnett Rubin, “Saving Afghanistan,”
Foreign Affairs,
January–February 2007, 8.

*
New York Times,
November 5, 2006.

*
Rory Stewart, “The Value of Their Values,”
New York Times,
March 7, 2007.

*
Dr. Ajmal Maiwandi,
www.xs4all.nl/~jo/Maiwandi.html
.

^†
Mike Davies,
Planet of Slums
(London and New York: 2006). This work is a brilliant account of how globalization is transforming our world.

^‡
A classic example of blindness and double standards was U.S. defense secretary Robert Gates’s statement in Australia on February 24, 2008, when he was asked to comment on the entry of Turkish troops into Iraq to combat a Kurdish organization listed as “terrorist” by the “international community”: “Our experiences in Iraq and Afghanistan show that military muscle should be complemented by efforts to address grievances held by minority groups. These economic and political measures are really important because after a certain point people become inured to military attacks. And if you don’t blend them with these kinds of nonmilitary initiatives, then at a certain point the military efforts become less and less effective.... I would strongly urge Turkey to respect Iraq’s sovereignty.”

*
Barnett R. Rubin, “Afghanistan: A U.S. Perspective,” in
Crescent of Crisis,
ed. Ivo H. Daalder, Nicole Gnesotto, and Philip H. Gordon (Washington: 2006).

*
Elizabeth Rubin, “Battle Company Is Out There,”
New York Times,
February 24, 2008.

*
Paul Gallis, “NATO in Afghanistan,” CRS Report for Congress, October 23, 2007.

^†
Julian Lindley-French, “Big World, Big Future, Big NATO,”
NATO Review,
Winter 2005.

*
Dennis Kux,
The United States and Pakistan:1947
–
2000: Disenchanted Allies
(Washington and Baltimore: 2001). This is an extremely useful and sober, if not fully comprehensive, account of the “strategic relationship.”

*
Economist Intelligence Unit,
Pakistan, Afghanistan
(London: 2002), 26.

*
Benedict Anderson, “Exit Suharto,”
New Left Review,
March–April 2008.