The Design of Future Things (28 page)

Calm technology,
148–149

Castlefranchi, Cristiano,
62

Clark, Herbert,
49–50

Cobot (Collaborative Robot),
86–89

Colgate, Ed,
86

Comfort noise,
63

Common ground, lack of in human-machine interaction,
49–55
,
77

CommonSense,
29–30

Communication

autonomous intelligent devices, between people and,
69–74

with car
vs.
wife, comparison of,
1–2

common ground in,
49–55

feedback, need for,
146–147
.
See also
Feedback

horse and rider, between.
See
Horseback riding

implicit,
62

from a machine's point of view,
183–187

with mechanical and electronic devices, differences in,
135–136

as natural interaction,
149–151
.
See also
Natural interaction

rules of interaction applicable to,
151–153

signaling distinguished from,
57

See also
People and machines
;
Signaling
;
Sounds

Conferences,
28
,
99–104

Copiers,
74

Delft, bicycles of,
74–77

Denver airport,
131–132

Design

affordances in,
67–69
,
71–72

augmentative technology as the future of,
133–134

definition of,
171

predictability as a rule for,
75–77

rules of interaction between people and machines,
151–153
,
193

rules of interaction between people and machines, a machine's perspective on,
189–192

the science of,
171–175

Shared Space,
79–80

Design of Everyday Things, The
(Norman),
67
,
142
,
149
,
156

Dick, Philip K.,
31

Doonesbury
(Trudeau),
144

Duval Guillaume Antwerp,
170

Education, robots assisting in,
163

Elderly, restructuring homes and buildings to accommodate the,
170–171

Elliott, M. A.,
81

Emotional Design
(Norman),
43

Emotions, built into machines,
43–47

Ethnographic research,
124–125

Evolution

a machine's point of view of,
179–183

of people and machines, comparison between,
41–42

Exoskeletons,
88–89

Factories, the impact of automation on,
132–133

Fax machines,
52

Federation for the Blind,
64

Feedback

the Apple Newton's failure to provide,
142–147

example of failure to allow for,
136–138

a machine's perspective on,
186–187

need for effective,
138–142

rules of interaction applicable to,
151–153

through natural
interaction/implicit signaling,
147–151
.
See also
Natural interaction

Flemisch, Frank,
70

Ford, Henry,
188–189

Georgia Institute of Technology,
128
,
130

German Aerospace Center, Institute for Transportation Systems,
22

Gibson, J. J.,
67–68

Graffiti,
146

Handshaking,
51–52

Handwriting recognition,
143–145

Hill, Will,
66

History

of intelligent machines,
38–40

from a machine's point of view,
179–183

Hollan, Jim,
66

Homeostasis,
79

Homes

appliances/devices in,
14–17
,
25–26
,
29–30
,
61
,
139–140
,
149

augmenting human intelligence by,
123–130

multiple signals in, potential danger of,
58

robots in,
161–165

showers in,
65

smart,
23–25
,
28–31
,
119–123

Horse and carriage, driving a,
71

Horseback riding,
19
,
21–22
,
44–46
,
70–71

Huxley, Aldous,
188

IBM, Almaden Research Laboratories,
136–137

Implicit communication,
62
,
147

Informate,
133

Institut für Verkehrsführung und Fahr,
70

Intelligent machines

artificial intelligence, developing a science of,
39–40

autonomous or augmentative?,
34
,
130–133

autonomous or semiautonomous, descriptions of,
35–37

communicating with people,
69–74
.
See also
Communication
;
Natural
interaction
;
People and
machines
;
Signaling

everyday people interacting
with,
37–38

of the future,
155–160

history of,
38–40

implicit communication in the design of,
62

intelligence of in the mind of the designer,
13

predictability as a requirement of,
75–77

strengths and limitations of,
8–9
,
25–32
,
103–104

See also
Automation
;
Homes
;
Machines
;
Technology

Intelligent Vehicles,
157

Iowa State University, Virtual
Reality Applications
Center,
175

Kaufman, C.,
183

Kennedy, J. V.,
81

Kettles

musical whistles on,
65

whistles as signals on,
56
,
60

KitchenSense,
29–30

Knobs as implicit communication,
65

Licklider, J. C. R.,
17–18
,
22

Lights, as a feedback mechanism,
140

London, keeping track of cars entering downtown,
32

“Loop,” in or out of the,
113–115

Machine+person entities

bicycle+person,
75–76

Cobots,
86–88

communication with/within,
69–74

exoskeletons,
88–89

Segway Personal Transporters,
89–90

See also
Symbiotic relationships

Machines

automobiles.
See
Automobiles

building emotional states into,
43–47

common ground in communication between,
51–52

communication with.
See
Communication

conforming to our,
168–171

the danger when they are too comfortable,
85

homes and appliances.
See
Homes

“intelligent” or “smart.”
See
Intelligent machines

and people, comparisons to and relations with.
See
People and machines

responsive automation in,
86–90

robots,
160–165

socialization of, need for,
9

Machine's point of view, the,
177–178

communication with people, machine discussion of the rules for,
187–189

communication with people, rules for,
183–187
,
193

history from,
179–183

on the rules for human designers,
189–192

Maes, Pattie,
155

McCandless, Tim,
66

McColl, V. A.,
81

McLean, Paul,
42

Microsoft Research group,
123–124
,
126–127
,
129–130

Miller, Christopher,
73

Mini Cooper automobile,
31

“Minority Report”
(Dick),
31

Minority Report (Spielberg),
31

MIT Media Lab,
29

Monderman, Hans,
78–79

Mozer, Mike,
119–121
,
123

National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
22
,
70

Natural interaction

affordances,
66–69
,
71–72

as effective communication,
149–153

examples of,
18–21
,
74–77
,
86–90

feedback provided through,
147–149

implicit signals and communication as,
61–66

lessons to be learned from,
57–60

limited ability to create,
104

machine+person entities, communication with/within,
69–74

a machine's perspective on,
185

natural sounds, examples of,
60–61

“playbook” concept,
73–74

responsive automation,
86–90

safety, reverse risk compensation to increase,
77–85

See also
Communication
;
Signaling
;
Sounds

Natural mappings,
149–150

Negotiation, power in,
3

Neural networks,
119–120

Newton, the (Apple Computer),
142–146

Overautomation,
107–108

Palm,
146

Paragraph International,
143

People

blind, silent automobiles and,
64

changes in resulting from changes in technology,
165–167

conforming to our technology,
168–171

homes that augment the intelligence of,
123–130

and machines, comparisons to and relations with.
See
People and machines

perceptual system of,
58–59

as tools of technology,
94–99
.
See also
Technology

People and machines

blame for problems, question of assigning,
12
,
142–147

brains of, comparison between,
40–41

control, shift of the entity in,
10–17

differences between,
14–16

discrepancies in the workings of,
48–49

disjunction between what they find easy and hard,
26–27

evolution of, comparison between,
41–42

interaction between, difficulties regarding,
5–10
,
49–55
.
See also
Communication

the machine's point of view.
See
Machine's point of view
, the

symbiotic relationship of in future technology,
43–47

Perlman, R.,
184

Peshkin, Michael,
86

Physical marks as implicit communication,
66

Plato,
5

Platooning,
111–113

“Playbook” concept,
73–74

Radio frequency identification (RFID) tags,
29
,
31

Recommendation systems,
20–21